Article citation information:
Nguyen, X.-H.,
Vu, H.-Q., Trinh, D.-P. Software development for selecting an installation
option of photo-video fixation for traffic violations. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2025, 126,
161-170. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2025.126.10.
Xuan-Hien NGUYEN[1],
Hai-Quan VU[2], Dac-Phong TRINH3
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR SELECTING AN INSTALLATION OPTION OF PHOTO-VIDEO
FIXATION FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
Summary. The article
discusses the software proposed by the authors for selecting the optimal option
for installing a photo-video fixation system of traffic violations. The
software uses the Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0 programming language, which is
simple, easy to use and provides an overview of the technical solution in the
application of the ITS system.
Keywords: photo-video
fixation system, traffic violations, software, ITS, road safety
1.
INTRODUCTION
Along with the issue of traffic
management, the issue of road safety in Vietnam is very important at the
moment. In Vietnam, about 8,000 people die in road accidents every year
(Fig. 1) [1, 2, 4]. The number of people who receive serious injuries is 3
times higher. And after the Covid-19 pandemic, this
number tends to increase.
Fig. 1. Traffic accident statistics
in Vietnam
In addition, as the cultural,
economic, and political center of Vietnam, Hanoi is also one of the cities with
a high rate of traffic accidents [1, 3, 4, 6].
Statistics show that the number of traffic accidents and fatalities tends to
decrease across all three criteria; however, the numbers remain high (Fig. 2).
This decline is inconsistent, with a significant surge in accidents,
fatalities, and injuries in 2023. Observations reveal that during peak hours on
major inner-city routes and other high-traffic areas, collisions frequently
occur due to the increase in vehicle volume; construction projects obstruct
traffic, creating potential for localized congestion. Additionally, some residents
and transport companies lack compliance with traffic laws and safety
regulations, including violations like driving under the influence, entering
restricted roads, traveling in the wrong direction, and neglecting to wear
helmets when riding motorbikes, scooters, or e-bikes. This indicates that
traffic safety in Hanoi remains a pressing concern.
Fig. 2. Traffic accident statistics
in Hanoi
One of the measures currently being
implemented by Hanoi to solve this issue is the installation of a network of traffic
violation monitoring cameras on several main city roads [4, 5]. Hanoi operates
600 cameras connected to 60 screens installed at the Traffic Management Center
to monitor the city's transport network [1, 3]. However, the photo-video
fixation (PVF) system for traffic violations in Hanoi
has not yet achieved maximum efficiency in identifying and penalizing offenders
for several reasons: a lack of uniform technical standards for the installation
and management of the PVF system, uncoordinated
camera operations, and a primary focus on monitoring traffic flow, among others
[5, 6].
To improve the efficiency of the existing
traffic management equipment, the city should more actively implement
scientific, technical, and technological solutions for the installation and
operation of the PVF system. The software used to
determine optimal camera placement should feature a user-friendly interface, be
based on real data about the road network and camera specifications, consider
installation costs, and offer the best options for camera placement on
transport facilities.
2. THE
BASIS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
According to the algorithm shown in
Fig. 3, a mathematical model was developed to determine the optimal placement
of the PVF system [7, 8]. The model calculates the
number of issues in the study area before and after installing the PVF system, enabling an evaluation of installation
efficiency, as well as the calculation of the necessary installation costs. The
optimal installation option is the one with the highest efficiency [9].
Some requirements and limitations of
the software during its development and deployment are as follows:
- Computer requirements: The software is developed for
the Windows operating environment (compatible with operating systems starting
from Windows XP) and is written in the Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0 programming
language [10]. The minimum technical requirements for the computer include a
Pentium processor, 32 MB of RAM, and 10 MB of free hard drive space. The screen
resolution must be at least 1200x800.
- Limitations of the test version of the software: Since
the functions of the test version must align with the previously developed
mathematical model, the following conditions were adopted: 11 factors (typical
traffic violations) were selected (For example: speeding, running red
lights/stop signs, going in the wrong lane, driving under the influence,
failing to yield, etc.); For each point under study, the parameter weights are
fixed; The number of PVF devices and their variations
should not exceed 9.
The software (Fig. 4) is based on
the values of traffic safety and traffic control parameters selected for
analysis, including violations affecting traffic safety and control. It also
takes into account the relationship between these parameters at fixed points
within the accident hotspot study. Additionally, weighting factors that
represent the impact of the PVF system on these
parameters are used to calculate specific indicators for each point under
study, both before and after the system’s installation.
The output data is presented in a
table, sorted in descending order based on the efficiency indicators of the
corresponding PVF system installations. Using the
data from this table, the installation costs of the PVF
system can be calculated.
Fig. 3. Algorithm for
determining the optimal solution using software based on the formulas from the
mathematical model.
Where:
R – the total weighted value of the analyzed
intersections before the installation of the PVF
system;
Ki – weighted value of the ith
factor at one intersection;
fin – number of ith violation at the nth
intersection;
N – the total number of accident clusters;
n – the accident cluster, n = 1,…,N;
u – the number of traffic violations;
i – traffic violation, i = 1,…,u;
R*
–
the total weighted value
of the analyzed intersections after the installation of the PVF
system;
m – PVF device;
Dim – weighted influence of the mth
device on the ith factor;
E – the efficiency of the installed PVF system;
Sy – the
cost of installing the PVF complex at an intersection:
(1)
Sm – the cost of
installing the mth complex PVF at the nth intersection;
S0m – the cost of the mth complex PVF;
Snm – the cost of communication of the mth-complex
of the PVF at the nth-
intersection;
M – the number of PVF
complexes;
S – the investment
amount of the region (city, district) for the implementation of the PVF system in total.
Fig. 4. Software
architecture diagram
3. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
All the main actions in the program
are accessible via on-screen buttons (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Main program
menu
Button operations are performed using a
computer mouse (or similar input devices). Information is edited through
on-screen input forms. From the main program menu, users can navigate to the
following sections for managing the program's initial data:
·
List of accident hotspots/traffic violations: This section contains points where
traffic violations or road traffic accidents frequently occur in the study
area. It also includes weighting factors for traffic violations and accidents
at each location (the weighting factors are determined through expert
assessment method), as well as the costs of installing equipment in these areas
to ensure the efficient operation of the PVF system.
The information in this section can be edited and updated as needed.
·
List of accident hotspot point configurations: This section provides a list of
the points under study for calculations. These points are selected from the
"List of accident hotspots/traffic violations" folder and can be
edited, updated with new names, or modified with additional characteristics of
the locations under study.
·
List of PVF devices (complexes): This section shows the interface
for the PVF system, including violations, the
weighting factors of the camera system - obtained from the expert assessment
method, depending on the characteristics of each type of camera; their impact
on the number of violations, and the costs of installing and maintaining
equipment at each control site.
·
Selection of calculation parameters: Based on the selected data, the software will
perform the calculation and display a list, sorted in descending order, of the
efficiency of camera installations before and after implementation. The results
include a list of optimal camera installation locations, the type and number of
cameras needed, and the efficiency and total costs of installation. For each
installation option, the software will display the "before" and
"after" values, indicating the efficiency gained and the cost of
installing monitoring equipment.
After completing the calculations, the program
provides an option on the main screen to save the results in three
corresponding files (Fig. 6): a file with the calculation table, a file listing
the devices with numbering for input into the calculation table, and a file of
the surveyed locations with numbering for input into the calculation table.
Fig. 6. The calculation results files of the software
The software is designed to analyze real data
on traffic activity, violations in specific traffic sections, and the
characteristics of the PVF system to determine the
optimal camera installation plan (camera type, location, quantity). The goal is
to achieve the highest efficiency within a limited equipment budget.
4. APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
The software was developed based on a
mathematical model, which was studied and built using a database collected from
Hanoi, Vietnam. The study area includes 20 points where traffic violations and
accidents frequently occur (Fig. 7). Of these 20 points, 10 are already
equipped with the PVF system, allowing for an
analysis of its current efficiency, while the other 10 points are not yet
equipped with PVF systems.
Fig. 7. Selected locations for analysis
The authors used data on 5 different PVF camera systems for traffic violations, including: Dahua (camera No. 1), Hikvision
(camera No. 2), Osamic 2400 (camera No. 3), Vantech (camera No. 4), and Wisenet
SNP (camera No. 5).
After gathering data on the studied points and
camera types, the information was entered into the software. When running the
calculation function, the program generated the results presented in Tab. 1. As
shown, with 20 points and 5 camera complexes, 15504 installation options were
obtained (Fig. 8). Using the program’s optimal result sorting function, the
best installation option is listed first in the calculation results.
Based on the sorting of the
efficiency and reduced efficiency columns, the optimal solution for installing
the PVF system was identified. For instance, with a
regional budget of 3 billion Vietnam Dong, reduced efficiency of 0,374297, and
an installation cost of 2558 million Vietnam Dong, the following camera
placements are recommended: Camera No. 4 (Vantech) at
Point 3, Camera No. 1 (Dahua) at Point 4, Camera No.
2 (Hikvision) at Point 9, Camera No. 5 (Wisenet SNP) at Point 17, and Camera No. 3 (Osamic 2400) at Point 18.
Tab. 1
Software calculation results
|
No. of installation options |
No. of point |
No. of PVF complex |
R |
R* |
E |
S |
S/E |
|||||||||
|
1 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
17 |
18 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4692.741 |
3735.290 |
957.450 |
2558 |
0.374297 |
2.671678 |
|
2 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
18 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4680.733 |
3726.129 |
954.603 |
2585 |
0.369286 |
2.707931 |
|
3 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
18 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
4652.4 |
3699.267 |
953.132 |
2585 |
0.368717 |
2.71211 |
|
4 |
2 |
4 |
9 |
17 |
18 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4638.032 |
3686.763 |
951.268 |
2528 |
0.376293 |
2.657504 |
|
5 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
17 |
18 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4609.699 |
3659.901 |
949.797 |
2528 |
0.375711 |
2.66162 |
|
6 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
17 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
4639.015 |
3690.483 |
948.531 |
2603 |
0.364399 |
2.744243 |
|
7 |
3 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
17 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
4610.682 |
3663.621 |
947.060 |
2603 |
0.363834 |
2.748505 |
|
8 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
9 |
18 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
4573.194 |
3628.124 |
945.069 |
2585 |
0.365597 |
2.735249 |
|
9 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
9 |
18 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
4597.691 |
3653.136 |
944.554 |
2555 |
0.369689 |
2.704979 |
|
10 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
9 |
18 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
4565.762 |
3621.254 |
944.507 |
2570 |
0.367513 |
2.720996 |
|
… |
||||||||||||||||
|
15494 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
19 |
2 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
2088.273 |
1630.438 |
457.834 |
2437 |
0.187868 |
5.322883 |
|
15495 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
19 |
20 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2077.089 |
1621.404 |
455.684 |
2403 |
0.189631 |
5.273387 |
|
15496 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
14 |
19 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
2072.155 |
1618.933 |
453.221 |
2437 |
0.185975 |
5.377067 |
|
15497 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
19 |
20 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2115.088 |
1662.359 |
452.728 |
2358 |
0.191997 |
5.208416 |
|
15498 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
20 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2115.605 |
1663.318 |
452.286 |
2392 |
0.189083 |
5.288681 |
|
15499 |
5 |
11 |
12 |
19 |
20 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
2024.352 |
1574.451 |
449.900 |
2415 |
0.186294 |
5.36785 |
|
15500 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
19 |
20 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2076.543 |
1627.600 |
448.942 |
2358 |
0.190391 |
5.252348 |
|
15501 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
19 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
2071.609 |
1625.384 |
446.224 |
2392 |
0.186548 |
5.360536 |
|
15502 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
19 |
20 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
1960.36 |
1530.212 |
430.147 |
2430 |
0.177015 |
5.649227 |
|
15503 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
19 |
20 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
1959.814 |
1536.742 |
423.071 |
2385 |
0.177388 |
5.637347 |
|
15504 |
11 |
12 |
14 |
19 |
20 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
1943.696 |
1525.159 |
418.536 |
2385 |
0.175487 |
5.698424 |
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on theoretical and practical
research, software was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the PVF system installation for traffic violations. The
software also assesses the impact of specific parameters at the study points
and calculates indicators for each accident hotspot before and after the
system’s installation. The effectiveness of the software is measured by the
reduction in the number of accidents, including both the number of incidents
and the severity of damage at accident hotspots.
However, the software has several
limitations:
· Data collection limitations: Vietnam
currently lacks a unified road data system, legal framework, and common
standards for traffic safety and intelligent transport systems, making data
collection challenging.
· Limitations of the expert assessment
method: The expert assessment method relies on the personal experience of road
traffic specialists, meaning the accuracy of calculations depends on subjective
expert opinions. This requires the involvement of highly qualified specialists
with deep knowledge in the field.
· Software limitations: The software
is developed using Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0, a simple and easy-to-use
programming language that offers algorithmic solutions for the problem.
However, it is not ideal for handling large volumes of input data.
Fig. 8. Software calculation results
graph
To enable
the software to function with full capabilities, modern programming languages
can be utilized to optimize its ability to handle large datasets and provide
more advanced analytical algorithms. Languages like Python, R, or AI and
Machine Learning platforms could support complex data analysis and offer more
accurate predictions on traffic violation trends at specific hotspots.
Upgrading the software would not only improve computation speed but also expand
its integration capabilities with other intelligent traffic systems, laying the groundwork
for a synchronized and complete traffic database. This would contribute positively
to reducing traffic accidents at black spots, enhancing traffic management
effectiveness, and ensuring road safety in the future.
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Received 04.11.2024; accepted in
revised form 29.01.2025
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