Article
citation information:
Sobota, A.,
Granà, A., Świerk, P., Macioszek, E. Monitoring of the
implementation of the European Union's sustainable transport development
policy regarding the use of low- and zero-emission
fleet on the example of the Górnośląska-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis (Poland). Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2024, 124,
183-195. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.124.13.
Aleksander
SOBOTA[1], Anna GRANÀ[2], Paulina ŚWIERK[3], Elżbieta MACIOSZEK[4]
MONITORING
OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
POLICY REGARDING THE USE OF LOW- AND ZERO-EMISSION FLEET ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE GÓRNOŚLĄSKA-ZAGŁĘBIOWSKA METROPOLIS (POLAND)
Summary. Nowadays, the majority
of society decides to use individual transport for everyday travel, which
negatively affects the congestion of cities. Nevertheless, in the transport
policy of the European Union, public transport is becoming more and more
important, which is reflected in strategic documents in the field of
sustainable transport development. The effect of this action is to increase the
attractiveness of public collective transport, which will also translate into a
reduction in pollutant emissions. This article aims to verify the
implementation of the European Union's sustainable transport development policy
concerning the use of low- and zero-emission rolling stock in the Upper
Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis. As part of the
work, the strategic documents of the European Union in the field of sustainable
development of transport were analysed. In addition, the idea of establishing
the Upper Silesian-Zagłębie Metropolis in the context
of the policy of sustainable transport development was introduced and the
public transport system functioning in the area of the Metropolis GZM was characterized.
Keywords: sustainable development, urban transport,
emission standards, low-emission transport, zero-emission transport, emission
standards, drive type
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the majority of society decides to use individual transport
for everyday travel, which negatively affects the congestion of cities. People
have to deal with the negative health effects caused by the pollution resulting
from the increasing number of cars [1, 4, 20]. After
all, over the last few decades, the level of human consciousness has been
constantly increasing. Actions are being implemented to improve the quality of
life of city dwellers without negative consequences for the lives of future
generations [2, 13]. Public collective transport is becoming more and more
important in the transport policy of the European Union, which is reflected in
many strategic documents. The justification for such a position is the
role of public transport as a factor regulating and stabilizing the division of
transport tasks serving the implementation of sustainable development [16].
The aim of the article was to verify the implementation of the policy of
sustainable transport development in the European Union in the field of the use
of low- and zero-emission rolling stock in the area of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis. As part of the work, the strategic
documents of the European Union in the field of sustainable development
of transport were analysed. In addition, the idea of establishing the
Upper Silesian-Zagłębie Metropolis in the context of
the policy of sustainable transport development was introduced and the public
transport system functioning in the area of the Metropolis GZM
was characterized. The article consists of five chapters, after the
introduction. The second chapter presents an analysis of EU strategic documents
in the field of shaping the policy of sustainable transport development. The
third chapter characterizes the tasks carried out by the Górnolska-Zagbiowska
Metropolis in the context of sustainable transport development. The
implementation of these tasks will contribute to achieving greater integrity,
spatial, social and economic cohesion to ensure an appropriate level of quality
of life for residents. The fourth chapter presents an analysis of the
use of low- and zero-emission rolling stock in the area of the Upper Silesian
and Zagłębie metropolis. The article ends with
conclusions from the conducted analysis.
2. ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SCOPE OF SHAPING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
POLICY
Public transport in Poland has been dominated for years by buses
equipped with internal combustion engines, which emit harmful compounds into
the atmosphere during operation during the combustion of fuels. In cities with
heavy traffic, this is an important problem. Currently, internal combustion
engines emit up to 70% of nitrogen oxides and up to 90% of other air pollutants
in urbanized areas. The most harmful exhaust components include nitrogen
oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, solid particles, sulphur oxides and
aldehydes [14, 18, 24]. The negative impact of exhaust
fumes on the environment required measures to minimize their impact on the
urban environment. Since the 90s
of the last century, the automotive industry has been developing and
implementing technologies to reduce the emission of harmful substances
generated in internal combustion engines. The uneven development of technologies
in the field of reducing pollutants in exhaust gases has led to the
development of European Exhaust Emission Standards (EURO). Since 2000, the
European Union has been gradually tightening the applicable emission standards.
Since 2012, the EURO VI combustion standard has been in force, which assumes an
80% reduction in the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases compared to the
EURO V standard [5, 7, 12, 18, 23, 24]. Nevertheless,
public transport seems to offer a more rational use of the natural environment
[20] because it reduces fuel consumption, exhaust emissions [11, 14, 25] and noise. Sustainable transport emphasizes the control
of emissions of harmful compounds in exhaust gases, and in the long term, the transition
from transport using fossil fuels to one that will use renewable energy. In addition,
it also assumes a reduction in the share of car traffic in urban space
and an increase in the competitiveness of public transport [12, 17].
The concept of sustainable public transport combines high-quality transport
with care for the environment [6]. For this reason, it is increasingly
important that public transport vehicles have a source of power other than
diesel or petrol.
Both the European Union and Poland, in strategic documents, define
guidelines aimed at reducing the negative impact of exhaust gas emissions on
the environment. Pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1 and in connection with
Article 86, point 4 [3], from January 1, 2028, a local government unit, with
the exception of communes and poviats, whose
population does not exceed 50,000, will be obliged to provide or commission a
service public transport services to an entity whose fleet of vehicles used in
the area of this unit includes at least 30% of zero-emission buses. In
order to facilitate meeting the threshold described above in 2028, the Act
provided for intermediate goals to be achieved earlier.
One of the obligations provided for in the Act, concerning
organizers and operators of public collective transport, is the provision by
local government units referred to in Art. 36, sec. 1 (over 50,000
inhabitants), the share of zero-emission buses in the fleet of vehicles in use
amounting to: from 01/01/2021 – 5%, from 01/01/2023 – 10%, from 01/01/2025 – 20%
[21].
Another document prepared by the European Union on the subject of
sustainable development is the European Green Deal. The European Green Deal was
adopted on December 11, 2019 and aims to make Europe the first
climate-neutral continent by 2050. The Green Deal is an integral part of the current
Commission's strategy to implement the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. By acting together, the EU
is able to put its economy and society on a new track towards greater
sustainability [15].
In July 2021, the European Commission adopted the document “Fit for 55”,
which is a set of policy proposals preparing the implementation of the European
Green Deal. Below are the main assumptions of the “Fit for 55” package:
-
reducing
emissions in the transport sector by 90% by 2050,
-
cheaper,
more accessible, healthier and cleaner transport solutions for passengers,
-
stronger
support for intermodal transport,
-
significantly
increased role of railways and inland waterways in inland freight transport,
75% of which is now road transport,
-
thanks
to digitization, intelligent traffic management systems and automated and networked
multimodal mobility,
-
1
million public charging and refuelling stations by 2025 to service 13 million
zero- and low-emission vehicles,
-
drastically reducing the level of pollution generated by
transport, especially in cities [16].
3. TASKS CARRIED OUT BY THE UPPER
SILESIAN-ZAGLEBIOWSKA METROPOLIS IN THE CONTEXT OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT
The Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis is a
metropolitan association located in the Silesian Voivodeship.
It was established on the basis of the Metropolitan Association Act of March 9,
2017 and associates 41 municipalities of the Silesian Voivodeship.
This metropolis is focused on spatial, social and economic integrity and
cohesion in order to ensure an appropriate level of quality of life for its
inhabitants [8]. The metropolitan association performs public tasks in the
field of:
-
shaping
spatial order,
-
social
and economic development of the metropolitan area,
-
planning,
coordination, integration, and development of public collective transport,
including road, rail and other rail transport, as well as sustainable urban
mobility,
-
metropolitan
passenger transport,
-
cooperation
in determining the route of national and voivodeship
roads in the area of the metropolitan union,
-
promotion of the metropolitan association and its area [9].
The Metropolitan Transport Authority
was appointed by a resolution by the Assembly of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis in November 2017, and on January 1,
2019 it took over the duties of the three previous organizers of public
transport (KZK GOP, MPK
Tychy, MZKP Tarnowskie Góry). The combination
of these public transport systems operating in Silesia and Zagłębie
into one company made ZTM the largest transport
organizer in Poland in many respects [26].
In the area of the Upper Silesian
and Zagłębie Metropolis, there are:
-
31
metropolitan lines,
-
377
normal bus lines,
-
19
night bus lines,
-
14
replacement bus lines for the tram,
-
1
free line,
-
22
tram lines,
-
trolleybus lines [27].
The Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis and the Metropolitan Transport Authority implement the goals of
sustainable development, which particularly contribute to the fulfilment of the
2030 Agenda issues related to improving the quality of life of residents,
including counteracting low emissions, supporting energy efficiency,
sustainable mobility, improving public transport, greening cities, protecting
and increasing biodiversity in Metropolis GZM [10].
4. ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF LOW- AND
ZERO-EMISSION FLEET IN THE AREA OF THE GÓRNOŚLĄSKO-ZAGLĘBIOWSKA
METROPOLIS
Public transport operators that provide transport services at the
request of the Metropolitan Transport Authority currently have a fleet of 1,487
vehicles, of which 1,222 vehicles are powered by diesel, 144 vehicles are
powered by compressed natural gas, 74 vehicles are hybrid vehicles, and 47
vehicles are powered electrically. The figure below shows vehicles with the
aforementioned power sources that carry out transport in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
|
c) |
d) |
|
|
|
Fig. 1. Photos of buses with
selected types of drive types in the area of the Upper Silesian-Zagłębie Metropolis, a) powered by diesel, b) electric, c) hybrid, d) powered by CNG gas
Source: own study
Figure 2
shows the number of buses providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in terms of exhaust
emission standards in 2020.
In 2020,
vehicles meeting the Euro 5 (513 vehicles) and Euro 6 (512 vehicles) standards
definitely prevailed. The smallest number of vehicles met the Euro 2 standard.
17 vehicles carrying out transport in the area of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis are electric buses.
Figure 3
shows the number of buses providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in terms of exhaust
emission standards in 2022.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 2. Number of buses providing
transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of exhaust emission standards – as of 2020,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source: own study based on data
received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 3. Number of buses providing
transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of exhaust emission standards – as of 2022,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source: own study based on data
received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
In 2022, vehicles meeting the Euro 6 standard definitely prevailed (746
vehicles). It can also be noted that this year each vehicle met at least the
Euro 3 standard. 47 vehicles carrying out transport in the area of the Upper
Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis are electric buses.
Figure 4
shows the number of buses providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in terms of exhaust
emission standards in 2023.
In 2023, as in 2022, vehicles meeting the Euro 6 standard definitely
prevailed (820 vehicles). 47 vehicles carrying out transport in the area of the
Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis are electric
buses.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of the number of buses providing transport
services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of exhaust gas emission standards in all analysed years.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 4. Number of buses providing
transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of exhaust emission standards – as of 2023,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source: own study based on data
received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
Fig. 5. Comparison of the number of
buses providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of exhaust emission standards in the analysed
years
Source: own study based on data
received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
In 2020, few buses operating in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis met the Euro 2 emission standards. It should be noted that in the
subsequent analysed years (2022 and 2023) operators resigned from rolling stock
meeting this emission standard. It can be seen that the number of rolling stock
meeting Euro 3 and Euro 4 standards is getting smaller every year, while the
number of rolling stock meeting Euro 6 and electric rolling stock is gradually
increasing. The number of rolling stock meeting the Euro 5 standard varies
irregularly. This may be due to the fact that operators decide to replace the
rolling stock with newer and more ecological ones, but not necessarily
brand-new ones. The Metropolitan Transport Authority, when preparing tender
procedures for the implementation of transport in public transport,
indicates specific requirements for the operator's vehicles. And so,
in accordance with the ZTM requirements, these
requirements are tightened every year.
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the number of buses providing transport
services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive in 2020.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 6. The number of buses
providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive – as of 2020,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source: own study based on data
received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
In 2020, diesel-powered vehicles definitely prevailed (1,161 vehicles).
The fewest vehicles were powered by electricity.
Figure 7 shows the number of buses providing transport services in the
area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in
terms of the type of drive in 2022.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 7. The number of buses
providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive – as of 2022,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source: own study
based on data received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
In 2022,
diesel-powered vehicles also prevailed (1,146 vehicles). The fewest vehicles,
however, were powered by electricity.
Figure 8
shows a comparison of the number of buses providing transport services in the area
of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis in terms
of the type of drive in 2023.
In 2022, diesel-powered vehicles also prevailed (1,222 vehicles). The
fewest vehicles, however, were powered by electricity.
Figure 9 shows a comparison of the number of buses providing transport
services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive in all analysed years.
|
a) |
b) |
|
|
|
Fig. 8. The number of buses
providing transport services in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive – as of 2023,
a) number of vehicles, b) percentage share
Source:
own study based on data received from the Metropolitan Transport Authority
Fig. 9. Comparison of the number of buses providing transport services
in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis in terms of the type of drive in the analysed years
Source: own study based on data received from the Metropolitan Transport
Authority
In all the analysed years, rolling stock powered by diesel oil prevailed
in the area of the Górnośląska-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis. However, it can be noticed that the importance of low-emission
rolling stock is increasing year by year. More and more buses are also powered
by electricity. These activities contribute to the improvement of the quality
of life of GZM residents. The development of electromobility translates into improved air quality and
creates the prospect of creating new jobs in the industry created for the
production of low- and zero-emission vehicles. These activities are in line
with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals set out in the 2030 Agenda.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the article was to verify the implementation of the policy of
sustainable transport development in the European Union in the field of the use
of low- and zero-emission rolling stock in the area of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis. The analysis showed that the strategic
documents of the European Union and Poland in the field of sustainable
transport development policy did not include low-emission rolling stock, but
only zero-emission rolling stock.
Pursuant to the Act of December 2, 2021 amending the Act on electromobility and alternative fuels and certain other
acts, the share of zero-emission buses in the fleet of vehicles in use should
be:
-
from
January 1, 2021 – 5%,
-
from
January 1, 2023 – 10%,
-
from January 1, 2025 – 20%.
The analysis showed that from January 1, 2023, the share of
zero-emission rolling stock in relation to the entire rolling stock operating
in the area of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska
Metropolis is only 3.3%. This implies that both the target for 2023 and the one
for 2021 have not been met. It can therefore be concluded that achieving a 20%
share of zero-emission rolling stock in the area of the Metropolis in 2025 may
be difficult to achieve.
The analysis also indicated that the number of rolling stock meeting the
Euro 3 and Euro 4 standards is decreasing year by year, while the number of
rolling stock meeting Euro 6 and electric rolling stock is gradually
increasing. The number of rolling stock meeting the Euro 5 standard varies
irregularly. This may be due to the fact that operators decide to replace the
rolling stock with newer and more ecological ones, but not necessarily
brand-new ones.
Due to the increasingly stringent requirements imposed by the Metropolitan Transport Authority on the vehicles of operators providing transport in public collective transport at the request of ZTM, the rolling stock utilized for transportation within the Górnolsko-Zagbiowska Metropolis is becoming increasingly ecological. This trend has a positive impact on the policy of sustainable transport development.
Acknowledgment
Sustainable Mobility Centre
(National Centre for Sustainable Mobility-CNMS) under
Grant CN00000023 CUP B73C22000760001
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Received 15.01.2024; accepted in revised form 19.04.2024
Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport is licensed
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