Article
citation information:
Benallou, I., Azmani, A., Azmani,
M. Behind the wheel: understanding the risks for truck drivers in the era of
the internet of things and advancements in autonomous vehicles. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2024, 124,
25-36. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.124.2.
Imane BENALLOU[1],
Abdelah AZMANI[2],
Monir AZMANI[3]
BEHIND
THE WHEEL: UNDERSTANDING THE RISKS FOR TRUCK DRIVERS IN THE ERA OF THE INTERNET
OF THINGS AND ADVANCEMENTS IN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
Summary. Freight transportation
is a crucial part of the global economy, but it encounters several complex
challenges, with truck drivers at the centre of these issues. These
professionals, responsible for transporting goods over long distances, often
work in challenging conditions, exposing them to a range of risks, including
physical, psychological, and chemical hazards. These risks make the profession
less appealing to younger drivers, leading to an ageing workforce and worsening
the driver shortage crisis in the road transport sector. This article aims to
identify the various risks faced by truck drivers and examine their negative
impacts on several critical aspects, including company image, service quality,
financial implications, and road safety. Additionally, the article explores the
transformative impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous vehicles
(AV) on the truck driving profession.
Keywords: heavy vehicle driver, freight transportation,
road safety, driver shortage, autonomous vehicles, Internet of Things
1. INTRODUCTION
Heavy vehicle drivers operate in a high-risk
work environment characterized by elevated rates of fatalities and injuries
[1]. Compared to workers in other industries, they are more frequently in need
of surgical procedures [2]. Research indicates that truck drivers often
struggle with being overweight, poor overall health, and various medical conditions
[3]. These health problems exacerbate the acute shortage of qualified and
experienced drivers in the commercial transport and logistics sector [4], a
situation further worsened by an ageing workforce with an average age of 45
years [5].
This shortage results in a scarcity of
competent and experienced drivers available to handle essential deliveries and
transports. This could have significant repercussions on the transport sector,
affecting both transport companies and the entire logistics chain. Indeed, this
unavailability will hinder companies from finding drivers to carry out
scheduled deliveries, leading to delays in the delivery of goods. These delays
can disrupt production schedules, customer delivery timelines, and,
consequently, tarnish the company’s image.
The poor working conditions of truck drivers
are often highlighted, as they expose these workers to a multitude of risks,
which we will detail further.
2.
Identifying the causes of heavy goods vehicle driver unavailability
2.1. Physical Risks
The profession of heavy goods
vehicle (HGV) driver involves significant physical risks that necessitate
special attention to ensure the safety and well-being of the drivers. These
risks include musculoskeletal disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular
diseases such as heart attacks, and digestive issues like gastritis. These
conditions are common among HGV drivers and can lead to occupational
disability. Additionally, slips, trips, falls from heights, road accidents, and
accidents on loading docks contribute to many injuries among these
professionals.
2.1.1. Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders are a
leading cause of absenteeism and work stoppages. In 2019, 117.54 thousand
deaths and 322.75 million cases of incidents related to musculoskeletal
disorders were recorded [6]. These conditions encompass various forms of
discomfort and disabling injuries that irreversibly affect the musculoskeletal
system, including muscles, tendons, bones, cartilage, ligaments, and nerves
[7].
The musculoskeletal disorders are
common among truck drivers; back, neck, leg and sciatica pain caused by
herniated discs, as well as joint pain in the shoulders, knees and ankles,
numbness in the legs, are often linked to prolonged sitting, vehicle vibrations
and incorrect seat or control position adjustments, steering wheel or pedals
[8]. Inadequate seat or vehicle suspension, road conditions and speed bumps can
also primarily harm the spine. Vibrations causing vibrations and jolts felt in
the cabin can lead to spinal disorders, particularly at the dorsolumbar and
lumbosacral junctions [9]. Manual handling efforts during loading and unloading
operations (slinging and securing loads, etc.) must also be considered.
This risk may increase as truck
drivers' years of experience and time in the seat increase [10]. Other factors
linked to individual characteristics contribute to the development of
musculoskeletal disorders in truck drivers. These include age, obesity,
smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity [11].
2.1.2. Falls
Fall-related workplace accidents are
caused by falls on the same level, from a height, or from loose packages or
objects. Falls from the truck cab are frequent, due to numbness of the lower
limbs and/or slipperiness of the step or road surface, as are falls from height
from the access ladder onto tanks, skips or specific equipment [12]. The most
common injuries are strains, sprains, contusions, skin wounds and haemorrhages,
as well as fractures of the lower or upper limbs. Poorly secured or defective
parcel wedging and lashing, a poorly distributed and balanced load, unsecured
objects can result in a fall or projection in the event of sudden braking, as
well as trauma when the load being handled tips over, such as crushing of
limbs, foot and hand entrapment, bruising and haematomas [13].
2.1.3. Road accidents
Road accidents involving HGVs are a
major concern for road safety. The consequences of these accidents can be
serious, resulting in injuries and sometimes even loss of life. According to
the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, in 2020, 125780 trucks were
involved in road accidents, 4842 of which were fatal [14]. Indeed, driving HGVs
is inherently dangerous due to the high kinetic energy involved, which can lead
to more serious accidents than those involving light vehicles [15]. These
accidents can be caused by a number of factors, such as the condition of the
vehicle, driving errors by the driver or others, road conditions and adverse
weather conditions. Factors that impair alertness and diminish concentration
and attention, as well as demands for efficiency and punctuality, can add to
the constraints of road traffic, thus generating stressful situations causing
accidents in most cases [16].
2.1.4. Risks associated with handling aids and
lifting accessories
The use of mechanical handling aids
and lifting accessories can reduce physical effort and make handling easier,
but it does entail risks such as overexertion injuries, pinched fingers and
hands, crushed toes, loads falling onto feet or legs, or pinched or lacerated
hands and arms when the sling is tensioned. These incidents can be caused by
inadequate training, equipment failure, overloading and incorrect lifting
techniques.
2.1.5. Gastrointestinal diseases
Gastrointestinal diseases are
diseases that affect the digestive system responsible for ingestion,
propulsion, digestion (chemical and mechanical), absorption and elimination of
food [17]. These diseases cost millions of dollars a year in the United States
alone, causing one hundred thousand deaths and healthcare costs [18]. The most
common gastrointestinal diseases include [19]: inflammatory bowel disease,
irritable bowel syndrome and gastric reflux.
It is essential to consider the
impact of the working environment on the emergence and management of
gastrointestinal diseases, even though they are linked to dietary factors and
general living conditions. Several factors associated with the work environment
may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal disease in truck drivers.
Travel and staggered meal schedules lead to poor food hygiene, which can be the
cause of numerous digestive disorders such as gastritis, colopathy, dyspepsia
and ulcers [20].
2.1.6. Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is a major
threat to public health, and can lead to serious health problems, including
heart attacks, strokes, and death. According to data from the World Health
Organization (WHO), they are responsible for around a third (33%) of deaths
worldwide [21].
Several factors may increase the
risk of developing cardiovascular disease in truck drivers. It is often
attributed to a combination of personal habits and work-related factors, such
as dietary choices, lack of physical activity and prolonged periods of sitting
[22]. High blood pressure, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are common among
truck drivers and may increase the risk of heart attack. This may be due to a
sedentary lifestyle at work that leads to overweight, also stress caused by
traffic and safety conditions, or the work rhythm (variable hours, night work,
etc.), disrupts diet and thus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in
truck drivers.
2.2. Psychological risks
Professional truck drivers work
under demanding conditions that can disrupt their social and family lives and
increase the risk of psychological distress. Mental health issues such as
depression, loneliness, sleep problems, anxiety, and substance use are common
among drivers [23]. While these psychiatric disorders have little effect on
driver absenteeism rates, they do significantly increase the risk of accidents
or near-misses [24].
Truck drivers often work irregular
hours [25]. Most of the time, they are required to spend long periods away from
home and family, with sleep quality and duration frequently reduced [26]. These
sleep disorders can be especially problematic for HGV drivers. They can affect
their physical health and risk their ability to drive safely. Sleep deprivation
can also increase the risk of developing mental disorders, such as depression
and anxiety [27].
HGV drivers face a multitude of work
pressures and demands. Work stressors reported among professional drivers
include pressure to deliver the order on time, unfavourable driving conditions
and traffic [28]. This stress at work has adverse consequences for drivers'
mental and psychological health [29], significantly reduces driving skills and
consequently increases the risk of accidents [30].
Low family income is also among the
known risk factors for depression [31]. As for driver pay, it is often
perceived to be much lower for comparable work, leading to additional financial
stress for drivers who find themselves unable to provide adequately for their
families [32]. In most parts of the world, transport companies pay drivers
based on kilometres driven or percentage of revenue charged for transporting
goods [33] which further incentivizes drivers to work overtime, consequently,
it affects their safety performance and significantly increases the risk of
accidents [34].
Social isolation can be a
significant problem for HGV drivers, who spend many hours alone on the road and
are often estranged from family and friends [35]. Indeed, HGV drivers can
experience isolation due to their irregular schedules and their distance from
home and their social network. These unpredictable work schedules were
frequently associated with depressive symptoms [36]. Social isolation can have
serious repercussions on their well-being and behaviour. It can lead them to
adopt risky behaviours such as driving at excessive speed, overeating,
consuming alcohol and psychotropic drugs, and engaging in inappropriate
individual behaviour.
In addition to isolation, truck
drivers face increased risks from violence, including theft of goods from
parking lots and stowaways. These situations can be very stressful and worrying
for those road professionals.
In addition, the constant noise of
urban traffic can also affect their well-being at work and their safety. Noise
can disrupt their concentration, making them more nervous and aggressive, which
in turn can influence their behaviour on the road.
The combination of all these factors
can leave truck drivers in a state of permanent stress. Their demanding work
rhythm, the pressure of road traffic and the challenges of personal safety can
lead to psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, dependence on
alcohol or tranquillizers, as well as neurotic disorders such as driving
phobia. Sleep disorders can also be common among these high-stress
professionals. It is therefore essential to consider the specific psychological
challenges and risks faced by truck drivers. Raising awareness of these issues
and putting in place support and prevention measures are crucial to preserving
their mental well-being and safety on the roads.
2.3. Chemical risks
Heavy goods vehicle drivers working
in polluted environments or transporting hazardous chemicals face significant
health risks. Prolonged exposure to exhaust fumes and air pollution can have
adverse effects on their respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Studies have
shown that fine particles and pollutants in exhaust gasses can penetrate deep
into the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory problems such as asthma,
chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [37].
In addition to the risks associated
with exhaust fumes, truck drivers are also exposed to polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are chemicals found in exhaust fumes and some
chemicals used in transportation. PAHs are classified as carcinogenic to humans
by the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Prolonged
exposure to these substances can increase the risk of developing serious
diseases, including respiratory, skin and other cancers [38].
HGV drivers who are responsible for
transporting hazardous materials face increased risks. One of the most obvious
dangers is the possibility of leaks or spills during the loading, unloading, or
transit of substances, which can expose drivers and the environment to toxic,
corrosive, or flammable substances. Such accidents can not only result in
significant material damage but also endanger the health and safety of drivers
and people in the vicinity [39]. In addition, some transported materials can
react violently in the event of collision, impact, or adverse environmental
conditions, potentially leading to devastating explosions [40].
Heavy truck drivers responsible for
transporting powdery materials face specific health risks due to the dust from
these mineral particles. When powdery materials are handled or transported,
fine particles can be released into the air, creating a potentially dust-laden
atmosphere. These airborne mineral particles can be inhaled by the drivers,
entering their respiratory tracts. Regular inhalation of these dust particles
can cause respiratory tract irritation, manifesting as symptoms like frequent
sneezing, a sensation of a blocked or runny nose, and breathing discomfort.
Drivers who are prone to allergies may be more sensitive to mineral dust, which
can trigger allergic reactions such as allergic rhinitis [41]. Prolonged
exposure to these mineral dust particles can also lead to inflammation of the
nasal mucosa and respiratory tract, worsening respiratory symptoms and
disrupting the drivers' overall well-being.
3.
Impact of driver unavailability
An efficient distribution supply
chain thrives on its ability to respond seamlessly to customer demands.
However, unexpected disruptions can throw a wrench into this delicate balance.
Driver unavailability poses a significant challenge, potentially leading to
delays and disruptions throughout the entire chain.
When a driver is unexpectedly unavailable, finding a suitable replacement quickly can be difficult. This will lead to a disruption in the company's activity and cause disturbances throughout the entire supply chain. These impacts are felt on four levels:
·
Financial
impacts: the financial consequences mainly concern the generation of additional
costs, lower revenues or receipts, poor customer relations and loss of market
share in the face of competition.
·
Impact on the
company’s image: When drivers are unavailable at crucial moments, it creates a
domino effect. Deliveries and transportation services get delayed, which chips
away at a company's reputation for reliability and punctuality. Customers who
experience missed deadlines due to driver shortages lose trust in the company.
This can snowball into a damaged reputation, hurting relationships with
customers and impacting competitiveness, stakeholder loyalty, media perception,
and even the company's ability to operate [42]. A strong reputation directly
influences customer service evaluations [43]. Conversely, a positive company
image reinforces customer expectations and builds confidence in the services
offered [44].
· Impact on service quality: service quality
plays a crucial role in the success of the logistics transport sector.
According to research by Restuputri, Indriani, and Masudin, service quality
comprises three variables: personnel service quality, operational service
quality, and technical
service quality [45]. Their study results indicate that personnel service
quality and technical service quality significantly impact customer
satisfaction. They also found that customer satisfaction and trust positively
influence customer loyalty. The unavailability of drivers at the required times
can cause delivery delays, posing a major challenge for logistics transport
companies. Delays can disrupt the agreed schedules with customers, leading to a
perceived decline in service quality. This situation can cause customer
dissatisfaction and even frustration, calling into question the company's
ability to meet its commitments.
· Impact
on road safety: when there is a shortage of qualified drivers, transport
companies often face increased workloads and longer driving hours for existing
drivers. This situation exposes them to high levels of fatigue, which can
compromise their ability to drive safely and responsibly [46]. Fatigue can lead
to decreased alertness, slower reaction times, and impaired decision-making
abilities, thus increasing the risk of accidents on the road. Another effect of
the driver shortage is that some companies may be forced to hire less
experienced or less-qualified drivers to fill vacant positions. These novice
drivers may lack the expertise needed to handle difficult road situations,
increasing the risk of dangerous incidents. Their lack of experience may lead
to risky behaviours or inappropriate decisions in complex driving
circumstances.
4.
Contribution of AI and IoT to truck drivers work
AI is radically transforming many
economic sectors, and distribution logistics is no exception. With the advent
of AI and IoT technologies, the lives of heavy truck drivers will undergo
significant changes, altering their daily activities and work environment.
Indeed, thanks to IoT, trucks could be equipped with sensors and advanced
navigation systems that enable drivers to choose the most efficient routes
based on real-time traffic conditions. This could reduce wait times, delays,
and the stress associated with navigation [47].
Connected sensors in trucks could
also monitor mechanical performance in real-time and automatically report
potential issues. This would allow drivers to take preventive measures to avoid
costly breakdowns, thus enhancing their safety and efficiency [48].
Additionally, connected trucks could be equipped with technologies that improve
driver comfort while on the road. This could include entertainment systems,
advanced communication tools, and ergonomic adjustments, making long journeys
more bearable [49].
IoT could help accurately track
drivers' driving and rest hours, ensuring compliance with road safety
regulations and driver well-being. This could also mitigate issues related to
driver fatigue. With connected truck technology, communication between drivers
and warehouses could be facilitated, allowing for more efficient coordination
during loading and unloading. This could reduce wait times and improve overall
supply chain management [50].
Another technological advancement
generating significant interest is autonomous vehicles (AVs). They are viewed
as a promising solution to the driver shortage, even though there will still be
a constant need for drivers to carry out specific tasks. Possible developments
within the industry could attract new workers but would require adaptations for
older workers to acclimate to the use of new technologies.
An autonomous vehicle (AV) is equipped with advanced AI technologies, sensors, and navigation systems that allow it to operate without direct human intervention [51]. AV technology is based on six levels of automation [52]:
· Level
0 “No Driving Automation”: The vehicle is not equipped with automated driving
functions or assistance systems. The driver is fully responsible for all
aspects of driving.
· Level
1 ”Driver Assistance”: The vehicle has basic driver assistance systems, such as
cruise control or lane-keeping assistance. These systems provide limited
automated functions but require the driver to be fully engaged and in control
of the situation.
· Level
2 “Partial Driving Automation”: The vehicle is equipped with advanced driver
assistance systems that can control both steering and
acceleration/deceleration. However, the driver must remain attentive and be
ready to take control of the vehicle at any time.
· Level 3 “Conditional Driving
Automation”: The vehicle can handle most driving tasks under certain
conditions. The driver can relinquish control and engage in non-driving
activities, but must be ready to take over when the system requests.
· Level 4 “High Driving Automation”:
The vehicle can operate autonomously in most driving scenarios without human
intervention. However, human oversight may be necessary in certain conditions
or situations.
· Level 5 “Full Driving Automation”:
The vehicle is entirely autonomous and requires no human attention. It can
operate in all conditions and perform all driving tasks without human
intervention. However, a human driver is still necessary to handle challenging
situations, such as congested roads, despite the presence of automated
features.
The trucking industry may be the
first to widely adopt self-driving trucks for two reasons. First, AVs could
help alleviate the trucker shortage, although human drivers would still be necessary
for certain situations. Second, AVs could make roads safer by reducing the
frequency and severity of accidents [53]. Furthermore, autonomous vehicles will
lower fuel expenses by 5 to 10% and reduce driver wages and benefits costs,
increasing profit margins for road transport companies [54, 55].
The integration of AVs is expected
by 2030, with the process occurring in several progressive stages [56].
Initially, truck platooning on highways will be implemented, where only the
lead truck is driven by a human driver. In a later stage, trucks will be fully
autonomous on highways, but a driver will be needed for loading and unloading
at specific relay points. Finally, in the third stage, trucks will acquire the
capability to travel autonomously on the entire highway network without human
intervention.
AVs have the potential to
revolutionize the trucking industry by improving safety and reducing insurance
costs [57]. Additionally, enhanced road safety would be a significant
attraction for younger drivers [58]. AVs could play a crucial role in improving
the efficiency of the road transport sector by operating continuously without
needing breaks or rest. Moreover, they could optimize routes to reduce both
travel times and fuel consumption [59].
AVs could help address the chronic
driver shortage in the trucking industry [60]. Their adoption is expected to
lead to profound changes in the driving workforce. Truck drivers are likely to
see their jobs disappear due to automation. Some drivers may choose to transition
to alternative careers in the transport sector, such as vehicle maintenance,
while ageing workers might be forced to retire early [61].
According to Gittleman and Monaco,
even with level 4 AVs, drivers will not be entirely replaced [62]. They will
still be needed for tasks beyond driving itself, or to manage platoons of AVs
in heavy traffic situations [63]. Significant workforce changes will not happen
in the immediate future (2-5 years) and will likely only occur once level 4 and
5 AV technology is fully adopted [57].
5.
Conclusion
Road transport plays a crucial role
in the global economy by ensuring the secure, efficient, and sustainable
movement of people and goods. Heavy truck drivers are central to this industry,
as they are responsible for delivering goods in a timely and
condition-compliant manner.
In addition to driving the vehicle,
heavy truck drivers are also responsible for maintaining the truck, supervising
the loading of goods, and, in some cases, unloading them. They ensure the proper
execution of deliveries and take care of the transported goods.
In this article, we have identified
the risks that contribute to heavy truck drivers' unavailability. We then
conducted a causal analysis to highlight the various cause-and-effect
relationships leading to this unavailability, aiming to anticipate risks and
issues during the planning phase and to develop appropriate solutions.
We also examined the impact of IoT
and AV on the daily work of drivers. These technologies undoubtedly herald a
new era in road transport. However, the transition to a future where they
become ubiquitous will not happen overnight. It will require careful planning,
continuous adaptability, and an openness to innovation. Heavy truck drivers,
the industry, and society as a whole all play crucial roles in shaping this
outlook and fully exploiting its potential.
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