Article
citation information:
Aderemi, H.O., Odesola, O.T.,
Nwizu, C.D. Transport logistics and workforce quality: evaluating accessibility
and human resource quality in selected Nigerian organizations. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2024, 124,
5-24. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.124.1.
Helen Olubunmi ADEREMI[1],
Olusegun Timothy ODESOLA[2],
Chukwudalu Daniel NWIZU[3]
TRANSPORT
LOGISTICS AND WORKFORCE QUALITY: EVALUATING ACCESSIBILITY AND HUMAN RESOURCE
QUALITY IN SELECTED NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS
Summary. This paper investigated
how transport services affect the quality of work in selected organizations in
Lagos Nigeria. As one of the most populous cities in Nigeria, Lagos deals with
unique transport issues that impact the productivity and wellbeing of its
workforce, with the region’s dynamic urban landscape that creates challenges
and opportunities in the transportation system. A survey design was employed to
gather data from 402 employees of the selected organizations sampled from a
population of 6150 using research advisor. A structured questionnaire was
employed to bring together the data for the study via random sampling
technique. Descriptive and inferential analyses which included frequencies,
percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis were used to
analyse the data. The findings revealed that availability of transport logistics
services (t = 5.837, β = 0.313, ρ ≤ 0.05) had positive and significant effects on access
to quality workforce, and reach to quality suppliers (t = 6.438, β =
0.308, ρ ≤ 0.05)
significantly affects Cost of Transport logistics. On the overall, transport
services in the study areas had a positive and significant effect on the
quality of work in Lagos state, Nigeria. This study concluded that the quality
of work in Lagos, Nigeria is significantly predicted by transport services.
Hence, there is a need to strengthen the transport services so as to improve
access to quality workforce, and the cost of transport.
Keywords: transport services, quality of work, cost of
transport logistics, identification of quality work and access to quality work
force
1. INTRODUCTION
In the fast-developing landscape of Nigeria, characterized by growing industries and urban centres, the efficiency, and accessibility to transport services stand as the backbone that determines quality work across diverse sectors. The entire economic rush is interlaced with the lives of millions of inhabitants, who rely on a perfectly functioning transport net. Informed by a scientifically based insight into the dynamic socio-economic fabric within which Nigeria is woven, this research enterprise goes deep into an intensive understanding of the relationship that subsists between transport services and quality work. Through an emphasis on important considerations that includes but not limited to the availability of transportation options, the costs which may be associated with different vehicles, sturdiness of infrastructure, quality of employees, ease at identifying skill employees, easy access to good suppliers, and finally the effectiveness in customer care. This study aims to unearth the intricate levels of this relationship. In so doing, it seeks not just to understand the telling of the challenges that are faced, but also sheds insight into possible pathways towards a future where transport services optimally have accessibility and efficiency. Thus, enhancing the overall quality of work in Nigeria.
In the corridors of the United States transportation sector, a complex interplay of challenges significantly impacts the quality of work, specifically in terms of accessibility and efficiency. One prominent issue is the urban-rural divide, where urban areas often enjoy advanced transportation infrastructure, contrasting sharply with underdeveloped systems in rural regions [20]. This divide not only affects the accessibility of employment opportunities for rural dwellers but also hampers businesses in these areas from efficiently reaching broader markets. Lastly, inadequate public transportation system, various cities of the United States limit accessibility to job opportunities, particularly for low-income individuals residing in suburbs or areas with limited public transit coverage [10]. Limited access to reliable transportation means restricted access to work, hindering socio-economic mobility and exacerbating income inequalities. With all these being said, the challenges within the United States transportation sector, from urban-rural disparities to workforce shortages and last-mile delivery complexities, significantly impact the accessibility and efficiency of work.
In the web of Europe's transportation sector, challenges abound that influence the quality of work concerning accessibility and efficiency. One prominent challenge is the ongoing issue of traffic congestion in major European cities. Congested roadways not only impede the accessibility of workplaces but also reduce the efficiency of daily commutes, impacting work-life balance and job satisfaction [28]. Furthermore, the lack of integration and standardization in public transportation systems across European countries poses challenges for cross-border commuters. Varying ticketing systems and schedules complicate daily commutes, affecting the accessibility of workplaces and the efficiency of travel for employees [11]. Such barriers limit the opportunities for professionals to seek employment in neighbouring countries, impacting workforce mobility. Moreover, environmental concerns in Europe have led to the promotion of sustainable transportation modes, such as cycling and public transit. While environmentally friendly, these modes face challenges related to infrastructure development and safety concerns, influencing accessibility for daily commuters [16].
The Asian transportation sector, a busy network of diverse infrastructures and modes, faces a lot of challenges that significantly influence the quality of work concerning accessibility and efficiency. One pressing issue is rapid urbanization, leading to congestion in major Asian cities. This congestion not only limits the accessibility of workplaces but also hampers daily commutes, impacting work-life balance and overall job satisfaction [15]. Furthermore, Asia struggles with a significant digital divide. While digital technologies are transforming the global workforce, the uneven access to these technologies in many Asian regions creates disparities in job opportunities. Limited access to online platforms hampers the accessibility of employment options, particularly for remote or rural populations, affecting workforce mobility [14]. Additionally, Asia's transportation sector faces challenges in ensuring the safety and reliability of public transportation. Safety concerns, especially for women, affect the accessibility of public transit, particularly during late hours, impacting employment choices and overall work efficiency [23]. Moreover, the lack of reliable schedules and overcrowding issues diminishes punctuality and work-related activities [9].
Environmental sustainability is another critical concern. Asia experiences high levels of air pollution due to transportation emissions, impacting the health of the workforce. Poor air quality impacts the accessibility of workplaces and, in the long term, can lead to increased health-related absenteeism, reducing overall work efficiency [33]. In Africa’s telecommunication sector, employee’s performance is intensely influenced by a diversity of obstacles. One persistent problem is inequalities in infrastructures across countries in Africa. Even though city centres frequently vaunt cutting-edge technology, rural zones often want rudimentary telecommunication substructures. This digital divide affects the effectiveness of workers working in areas with partial resources and connectivity, hindering their output and performance [4]. Furthermore, recurrent outages in power and undependable electrical energy supply in numerous countries in Africa constitute a substantial obstacle. Operations of telecommunication firms depend heavily on electrical energy, and disruptions can interrupt work flow and communication schemes. This discrepancy places strain on workers and can result in reduction in performance owing to operational interruptions [51].
In addition, development of skills and retention of talent are tenacious obstacles. Firms in the telecommunication sector in Africa frequently experience difficulties in retaining trained professionals. The phenomenon of brain-drain, where trained employees move to other districts for improved opportunities, influences the sector’s employees. Moreover, the swift evolution of technology demands non-stop training. Insufficient opportunities to training programmes can result in skill gaps amongst workers, hindering their capability to handle advancements in technology [17]. In addition, political volatility and regulatory ambiguities in many countries in Africa produce challenging business environments. Indistinct strategies and abrupt change in regulations can interrupt operations of telecommunication firms, making it problematic for workers to acclimatize rapidly. This ambiguity hinders their security of jobs and total performance [48]. Recognizing and tackling these problems are key for enhancing employee’s performance in the telecommunication firms in Africa. Through investment in substructure, provision of regular training programmes, and advocacy for steady regulatory environments, firms in the telecommunication sector can improve their workers’ competences and guarantee reliable, first-class service delivery.
In the vibrant tapestry of Nigeria's transportation sector, a plethora of challenges significantly influence the quality of work concerning accessibility and efficiency. One pressing issue is the state of road infrastructure. Despite ongoing efforts, many roads suffer from poor maintenance, leading to traffic congestion, increased commuting times, and challenges in reaching workplaces [41]. This directly impacts the accessibility and punctuality of employees, affecting their productivity. Additionally, Nigeria faces a significant challenge in public transportation. Overcrowded buses and unreliable schedules create challenges in daily commuting, impacting both accessibility and the efficiency of travel [22]. Workers relying on these systems often experience delays, impacting their punctuality and productivity at work. Furthermore, the rise of urbanization has led to increased traffic congestion in major cities like Lagos and Abuja. This congestion not only limits the accessibility of workplaces but also affects the efficiency of business operations, especially in industries relying on just-in-time supply chains [47]. Businesses struggle to maintain efficient operations due to transportation delays and increased costs associated with congestion. Additionally, Nigeria faces challenges related to security on public transportation routes. Incidents of theft and harassment affect the safety perception of public transportation, leading to reduced accessibility as employees might avoid certain routes, impacting their efficiency and peace of mind during commutes [6, 32].
The
challenges faced in transportation sectors across America, Europe, Asia, and
Africa highlight the critical role of transport services in shaping the quality
of work in terms of accessibility and efficiency. From urban congestion in
America to digital disparities in Asia, and inadequate road infrastructure in
Nigeria, these issues underscore the complex dynamics at play. Understanding
how transport services affect accessibility of work is paramount. Recognizing
these challenges not only sheds light on the intricacies of the global
workforce but also emphasizes the urgency for comprehensive solutions.
Therefore, understanding how transport logistics services affect the quality of
work (in terms of accessibility) is crucial for this study. Hence, this
research delved into -Transport Logistics and Workforce Quality: Evaluating
Accessibility and Human Resource Quality in Selected Nigerian Organizations,
aiming to uncover vital insights that can pave the way for more accessible, and
productive work environments globally.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The transport industry in Nigeria, a
cornerstone of the nation's economic vitality, is facing multifaceted
challenges that hinder its seamless integration with various sectors. A
critical gap in the existing literature becomes apparent when delving into the
complex interplay between transport services and the quality of work in
Nigeria. Despite the sector's significance, comprehensive studies exploring the
nuanced relationships between transport services, encompassing aspects such as
availability, cost, and quality of infrastructure and manpower, and their
impact on the accessibility and efficiency of work, are notably sparse. This
gap, discerned through the identification of unfamiliar areas in extant
research, poses substantial challenges to businesses, government bodies, and
academic institutions, limiting their ability to formulate effective strategies
and policies [35, 38].
The limited availability and
reliability of transport logistics services intersect with the identification
and access to a quality workforce, creating a complex challenge for businesses.
Research indicates that inadequate transportation networks inhibit the mobility
of skilled professionals, leading to difficulties in recruitment and retention
processes [2, 37, 43]. This issue not only impairs
industries' ability to secure competent employees but also affects workforce
diversity and inclusivity, hampering overall productivity and efficiency in the
workplace. The rising costs associated with transport logistics services
intersect with the reach to quality suppliers, disrupting industries' supply
chain dynamics. Recent studies demonstrate that escalating transportation
expenses strain businesses' procurement budgets, making it challenging to
establish sustainable partnerships with reliable suppliers [5, 31, 40]. Consequently, this financial strain
affects the timely acquisition of essential materials and goods, leading to
production delays, increased lead times, and inefficiencies in overall
operations.
Inadequate transport infrastructure and
a shortage of skilled manpower within the transportation sector significantly
impact the efficiency in servicing customers, affecting businesses and their
clientele. Recent research highlights that deficient transport infrastructure,
including poorly maintained roads and outdated facilities, results in delays
and damages during transit, leading to dissatisfied customers and reputational
damage [36]. Additionally, the lack of well-trained personnel in the
transportation sector hampers effective communication, coordination, and
problem-solving abilities, leading to suboptimal customer service experiences
and reduced customer satisfaction. In addressing these critical challenges,
this research project aims to bridge the existing gap in literature, leveraging
a robust dataset from a diverse range of recent studies. By comprehensively
examining the relationships between transport services and the quality of work
in Nigeria, this study endeavours to provide actionable insights for
businesses, policymakers, and academics, fostering sustainable growth and
efficiency across sectors.
Hence, this paper studied the influence of transport services on work quality in Nigeria. The study’s precise aims are to:
1. ascertain
the influence of transport logistics availability on access to a quality
workforce; and
2. investigate
the effect of transport logistics cost to quality suppliers.
3.
THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL
The
conceptual model, Figure 1, presents a linear interaction amongst the
independent variables of transport services and the dependent variables of
quality of work. The model indicates that as transport services increases,
there will be a corresponding increase in quality of work, and therefore each
have their variables linking share the same relationship, i.e., when availability
of transport logistics increase, there will be a corresponding increase in
access to quality workforce, when cost of transport logistics increases, there
will be a corresponding increase in reach to quality suppliers; and when
quality of transport infrastructure and manpower increase, there will be a
corresponding increase in efficiency in servicing customers.
4. THEORETICAL REVIEW
This part of
the literature review highlights and discusses various theories that relate to
transport services and quality of work as well as its sub variables (access to
quality workforce, reach to quality suppliers, efficiency in servicing
customers). The theory that relates to this review is the transaction Cost
Economics (TCE), service-Dominant Logic (SDL) and supply Chain Management (SCM).
4.1. Transaction cost economics
(TCE)
TCE pioneered by Oliver E.
Williamson, explores how organizations choose between market and hierarchical
governance structures to minimize transaction costs. The theory assumes that
actors are bounded rational, opportunistic, and face uncertainty, leading them
to make governance decisions based on minimizing the costs associated with
transactions [50].
Fig. 1.
Conceptual model
Critics argue that TCE
oversimplifies human behaviour, assuming individuals act solely out of
self-interest. Additionally, there is criticism regarding the practicality of
measuring and comparing transaction costs accurately. For instance, scholars
like Ref. [29] contend that TCE tends to neglect the role of social relationships
in economic transactions, leading to an incomplete understanding of
organizational behaviour. Another critique comes from [18], who argue that TCE
has limitations in explaining complex, collaborative relationships in the
modern business environment. Supporters acknowledge TCE's contribution to
understanding how transaction costs impact organizational decisions. [25] argue
that TCE provides a robust framework for analysing economic governance,
emphasizing the importance of minimizing transaction costs for efficient
organizational functioning. Additionally, Ref. [44] supports TCE by emphasizing
its applicability to various organizational settings and the practical insights
it offers for decision-making.
In the context of transport services
and the quality of work, TCE is relevant for explaining decisions related to
outsourcing and insourcing. For example, the theory can help elucidate why
organizations may choose certain suppliers or decide to perform certain tasks
in-house based on the associated transaction costs. This provides a theoretical
lens to understand the governance structures within the transport logistics
sector.
4.2.
Service-dominant logic (SDL)
SDL initiated by Ref. [49],
challenges the traditional goods-dominant logic by emphasizing the co-creation
of value through service interactions. It assumes that the client is an active
member in the value creation and that service provision is a collaborative
process [49]. Critics argue that SDL lacks operational guidance, making it
challenging for firms to implement the theory effectively. Ref. [19] suggests
that SDL might be more applicable in certain industries than others, and that
it may not provide clear strategies for firms to adopt in practice. Another
critique, put forward by Ref. [27], states that SDL places too much emphasis on
the customer's role, potentially neglecting other vital aspects of value
creation.
Supporters contend that SDL provides
a more customer-centric and dynamic perspective on value creation. Ref. [49]
highlight the theory's adaptability and its ability to capture the evolving
nature of business interactions, placing emphasis on relationships and customer
experience. Ref. [7] support SDL by emphasizing its relevance in the context of
digital and networked environments, where service interactions play a pivotal
role in value creation. SDL is pertinent to understanding the dynamics of
efficiency in servicing customers within the transport industry. It allows for
an exploration of how service interactions between transport providers and
customers contribute to the co-creation of value. This is particularly valuable
in a sector where customer satisfaction and experience play a crucial role.
4.3. Supply chain management (SCM)
SCM emphases the incorporation and
coordination of various elements in the supply chain. Authors like Chopra and
Meindl propose that a well-managed supply chain enhances efficiency, reduces
costs, and improves overall organizational performance [12]. Critics argue that
SCM may be overly optimistic about the benefits of collaboration and
integration. Ref. [24] point out that achieving true collaboration across a
supply chain can be challenging due to conflicting interests among different
stakeholders. Another criticism, raised by Ref. [13], is that SCM sometimes
underestimates the complexities of global supply chains, especially in terms of
managing risks and uncertainties. Supporters highlight the instrumental role
SCM plays in improving operational efficiency and reducing costs. Ref. [30]
assert that SCM fosters collaboration, transparency, and responsiveness,
ultimately leading to a more agile and competitive supply chain. Ref. [26]
support SCM by emphasizing its adaptability to various industries and its role
in enhancing total performance of the supply chain.
For the study of transport services
and the quality of work, SCM provides a framework for understanding how
effective supply chain management can positively influence the reach to quality
suppliers. It helps explain how streamlined logistics operations contribute to
overall organizational success.
4.4. Theoretical
framework
The theoretical framework of this
study draws upon Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Service-Dominant Logic
(SDL) as complementary lenses, integrated within the broader context of Supply
Chain Management (SCM). This theoretical framework is designed to offer an
all-inclusive comprehension of the interactions amongst transport services and
the quality of work, specifically focusing on the sub-variables of
identification and access to a quality workforce, reach to quality suppliers,
and efficiency in servicing customers. TCE is a foundational theory for
understanding the governance decisions within organizations, particularly in relation
to transaction costs associated with market exchanges. In this study, TCE
serves as a robust framework for explaining decisions related to the reach to
quality suppliers and the governance structures within the transport logistics
sector. TCE is particularly suited for elucidating why organizations may choose
certain suppliers or decide to perform certain tasks in-house, based on the
associated transaction costs. Its emphasis on minimizing costs aligns well with
the economic considerations inherent in supply chain logistics decisions.
Complementing TCE, SDL provides a
customer-centric perspective, emphasizing value’s co-creation via service
interactions. In the context of transport services, SDL is highly relevant for
understanding efficiency in servicing customers. It allows for an exploration
of how service interactions between transport providers and customers support
the value’s co-creation. The adaptability and dynamic nature of SDL make it a
valuable lens for examining the collaborative processes that enhance the
quality of work in the transport industry. SCM serves as the overarching
framework that integrates TCE and SDL. SCM focuses on the coordination and
integration of various elements in the supply chain, providing a holistic view
of organizational operations. The integration of TCE and SDL within SCM allows
for a comprehensive exploration of the identified sub-variables. While TCE
guides the analysis of economic governance decisions, SDL enriches the
framework by highlighting the collaborative and service-oriented aspects of
transport services.
The selection of TCE and SDL is
justified by their complementary nature, offering a more comprehensive
understanding than either theory alone. TCE provides insights into the economic
considerations and decision-making processes, while SDL ensures a
customer-centric and collaborative perspective. The co-application of these
theories offers a nuanced and multidimensional framework that is superior to
singular theories, allowing for a more holistic examination of the complex
relationships within the transport logistics sector.
Alternative theories, such as
Resource-Based View (RBV) and Human Capital Theory, while valuable in specific
contexts, lack the comprehensive nature necessary for understanding the intricate
interactions between transport services and the quality of work. RBV may focus
too heavily on internal resources without capturing the dynamic external
interactions in transport services. Human Capital Theory, while relevant to
workforce considerations, may overlook the broader economic and
service-oriented dimensions essential in the transport sector. The selected
anchor theories, TCE and SDL, prove superior by encompassing both economic
governance decisions and collaborative service processes.
In conclusion, the theoretical
framework of this study combines Transaction Cost Economics and
Service-Dominant Logic within the overarching context of Supply Chain
Management. This integrative approach provides a robust foundation for
exploring the identified sub-variables and their influence on work’s quality in
the transport logistics industry. The co-application of TCE and SDL ensures a
comprehensive understanding that surpasses the limitations of alternative
theories, contributing to the richness and depth of the theoretical framework.
5. METHODOLOGY
This
study employed a survey research design. The survey design has various
benefits, including promoting high representativeness, low-cost consequences,
an easy pattern for data collecting, strong statistical significance, and
demanding little or no subjectivity from the researcher. It has been adopted by
various researchers owing to its value and efficiency, resulting in convincing
and significant outcomes in their studies [1, 6, 32]. The study’s
population consists of manufacturing and a retail company in Lagos state,
Nigeria. It focused on the employees of these companies. The companies were
selected because they were the largest in both sectors in Nigeria, and also
because their businesses heavily rely on transportation logistics services.
Employees of the above companies made up 6,150 of the population.
Tab. 1
Proportionate
sample size
|
Banks |
Number of
employees |
Proportionate
sample size |
|
Company
A (Manufacturing) |
2911 |
173 |
|
Company
B (Service) |
3239 |
192 |
|
Total
|
6150 |
365 |
The
research advisor sampling table was utilized to calculate the study’s sample
size. It produced 365 with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. In
view of this sample size, proportional sampling technique was employed to determine
the number of respondents to be selected from the chosen companies. The primary
data gathering approach was a self-structured questionnaire sent to
respondents. The use of a questionnaire promoted the collection of data from
many respondents, guarantees respondents’ privacy, and allowed them to express
themselves in a variety of ways. The primary data collection approach is very
useful in social science research, and it has been employed by some authors [1, 6, 32]. The
instrument was divided into segments A, B, and C. Segment A has respondents’
demographic info, whereas segment B focused on transport services (availability
of transport logistics, cost of transport logistics, and quality of transport
infrastructure and manpower), and segment C focused on quality of work (access
to quality workforce, reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria and efficiency in
servicing customers in Nigeria). The structure of the responses are: SD =
Strongly Disagree (1), D = Disagree (2), PD = Partially Disagree (3), PA =
Partially Agree (4), A = Agree (5), and SA = Strongly Agree (6).
A
pilot study was considered required to establish if the research instrument
used in the study was appropriate for further exploration [46]. In essence, a
pilot study was done to ascertain the research instrument’s reliability and
validity. The sample was 10% of the overall main study’s sample size (36
copies).
5.1. Model specification
The
study’s variables were operationalised by means of:
Y = f(X) (1)
Here,
Y and X are the dependent and independent variables respectively. Which
implies that Y = Quality of work and X = Transport services.
Where:
y1 = Access to quality workforce (IDW)
y2 = Reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria (IDS)
X = (x1,
x2)
x1 = Availability of transport logistics (ATL)
x2 = Cost of transport logistics (CTL)
The
simple equations are specified by means of:
IDW = f(ATL) ……. (2)
IDS= f(CTL) ……. (3)
QW = f (ATL, CTL) …. (4)
The
regression equations are given thus as:
IDW = α0 + β1ATL
+ µi ……. (5)
IDS= α0 + β2CTL+
µi ……. (6)
The
four equations above were assessed to test the influence of transport services
on the work’s quality in Nigeria. Here α0 = intercept or
constant of quality of work, and it is the mean value of the response variable
when the controlled variable is equivalent to zero. The β
which is the regression parameter, and it measured the coefficient of transport
services that measured the influence of a specified variation in transport
services on the work’s quality in Nigeria. The µ is the stochastic
variable or error term, and it is contained within the model to allow the
effect of variables affected the response variables, but are not contained
within the model. It was expected that transport services ‘measures will have a
substantial influence on quality of work.
The
Table 2 depicts the decision rule.
Tab. 2
A-priori expectations
|
S/N |
Models |
A priori expectations if: |
|
1. |
IDW =
α0 + β1ATL + µi ……. (7) |
Discard if β1 ≠ 0; and P≤0.05; else, do
not discard |
|
2. |
IDS= α0 + β2CTL+ µi …… . (8) |
Discard if β2 ≠ 0; and P≤0.05; else, do
not discard |
6. RESULTS
Four
hundred and two (402) duplicates of the questionnaire were administered to the interviewees
and 377 (93.8%) were duly completed and returned.
6.1. Effect of availability of transport logistics
on access to a quality workforce
Descriptive statistics with a mean of
3.92 out of 6.00 reveals that the majority of the interviewees
picked partially agreed with regard to the availability of transport logistic
services in Lagos State. And the standard deviation of 1.02 shows divergence of
the responses from the mean. The grand mean of 3.89 out of 6.00 reveals
that the majority of the interviewees picked partially agreed regarding the access to a quality
workforce in Lagos State, and the standard deviation of 1.07 shows divergence
of the responses from the mean. Linear
regression was utilized to evaluate how availability of transport logistics
affects the access to a quality workforce. The regression results are presented
in Table 3.
Summary of results
of linear regression analysis for the effect of availability of transport
logistics on the access to quality workforce
|
Model |
Effect of availability of transport logistics on access to |
|||||||||
|
β |
T |
Sig |
Df |
R |
Adjusted R2 |
F |
Sig |
|||
|
(Constant) |
2.661 |
12.562 |
.000 |
1 |
.289a |
.081 |
34.071 |
.000b |
||
|
Availability
of transport logistics |
.313 |
5.837 |
.000 |
375 |
||||||
|
||||||||||
Where:
β - is the regression coefficient that measures the
strength and direction of the relationship between an independent variable
(predictor) and the dependent variable (outcome).
T - refers to the t-statistic (or t-value), which is
used to test the statistical significance of individual regression
coefficients, including beta coefficients.
Sig - (short for significance) it refers to the
p-value, which indicates the probability that the observed relationship or
effect occurred by chance under the null hypothesis.
Df - stands for degrees of freedom and it refers to
the number of independent values or quantities that can vary in an analysis
without violating any constraints.
R - typically refers to the correlation coefficient,
specifically indicating the strength and direction of the linear relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.
Adjusted
R2 - stands for a
refined measure of the goodness of fit of a regression model that accounts for
the number of predictors used relative to the number of observations.
F - refers to the F-statistic, which is used to
assess the overall significance of a regression model.
Table 3 depicts the
outcomes of the linear regression on the influence of obtainability of transport
logistics on the access to a quality workforce in Nigeria. The outcomes in
Table 3 showed that the correlation coefficient (R) of the regression
model was 0.289. It shows that there was a positive connection amongst
obtainability of transport logistics and access to a quality workforce.
However, the results indicated that availability of transport logistics
provides for about 8% of the alteration in the response variable; access to a
quality workforce. It implies that the adjusted coefficient of determination of
the total regression model; adjusted R2 = 0.081, signifying
that about 8% of the alteration in access to quality workforce in the selected manufacturing and retail companies in Lagos
State, Nigeria is elucidated by the model’s significant predictor
variables of availability of transport logistics. This indicates that the
independent variable, availability of transport logistics, accounts for 8% of
the variance in a quality of workforce. However, the remaining 92%
alteration is elucidated by other variables known as exogenic variables not
included in this study.
The model’s total import, the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) for the regression coefficient was 0.000 (p<0.05) and
F-value was 34.071. This implies that availability of transport logistics
significantly and positively predicts access to a quality of workforce. Taking into account
the result of regression coefficients, the regression model earlier formulated
as:
y1 = α0 + β1x1
+ µi ……. (9)
Can now be stated
as:
Access to quality workforce = 2.661 + 0.313x1
+ µi (10)
From Table 3, the regression’s equations’
constant had an unstandardized coefficient of 2.661. It shows that when all
factors are held at constant zero (0), availability of transport logistics of
selected manufacturing and retail companies in Lagos State, would be equivalent
to 2.661 which is optimistic. The predictive model showed that availability of
transport logistics (0.313) is however significant. This implies that the
availability of transport logistics has the potential to increase decrease
access to quality workforce in Lagos State, Nigeria. The models further
revealed that when all the components of availability of transport logistics
are improved by one unit, access to quality workforce would increase by 0.313. In view of these outcomes, the null
hypothesis (H01) that
states that the availability of transport logistics services has no significant
effect on the access to quality workforce Lagos State, Nigeria was rejected.
6.2. Effect of cost of transport logistics on reach to quality
suppliers
The second
objective of the study sought to: examine
the influence of cost of transport logistics on identification and reach to a
quality supplier. Descriptive statistics with a mean of 3.87 out of 6.00 depicts that the
majority of the interviewees picked partially agreed in regard to the cost of
transport logistics. And the standard deviation of 1.06 shows divergence of the
responses from the mean. Furthermore,
the grand mean of 3.86 out of 6.00 depicts that the majority of the
interviewees picked partially agreed with regard to reach to quality suppliers,
and the standard deviation of 1.03 shows divergence of the responses from the
mean. In a bid to verify the hypothesis, linear regression was utilized to determine the effect of cost of
transportation on reach to quality suppliers. The outcomes of the regression
are depicted in Table 4.
Table 4 depicts the
outcomes of the linear regression on the influence of cost of transportation
logistics on the reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria. The outcomes in Table 4
showed that the correlation coefficient (R) of the regression model was
(0.315). It implies that there was an optimistic association amongst cost of
transportation logistics and the reach to quality suppliers. However, the
results indicated that cost of transportation logistics provides for about 10%
of the alteration in the response variable; reach to quality suppliers. The
adjusted coefficient of determination of overall regression model, adjusted R2
= 0.097, signifying that about 10% of the alteration in reach to quality
suppliers in the selected manufacturing and
retail companies in Lagos State is elucidated by the model’s significant
predictor variables; cost of transportation logistics. It shows that the
independent variable, cost of transportation logistics, accounts for 10% of the
variance in reach to quality suppliers. However, the remaining 90% alteration
is elucidated by variables known as exogenic variables that were not included
in this study.
Tab. 4
Summary of results
of linear regression analysis for the effects of cost of transportation, logistics
on reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria
|
Model |
Effect of cost of transportation, logistics on reach to quality
suppliers in Nigeria |
|||||||||
|
B |
T |
Sig |
Df |
R |
Adjusted R2 |
F |
Sig |
|||
|
(Constant) |
2.677 |
14.397 |
.000 |
1 |
.315a |
.097 |
41.445 |
.000b |
||
|
Reach
to quality suppliers in Nigeria |
.308 |
6.438 |
.000 |
375 |
||||||
|
||||||||||
β - is the regression coefficient that measures the
strength and direction of the relationship between an independent variable
(predictor) and the dependent variable (outcome).
T - refers to the t-statistic (or t-value), which is
used to test the statistical significance of individual regression
coefficients, including beta coefficients.
Sig - (short for significance) it refers to the
p-value, which indicates the probability that the observed relationship or
effect occurred by chance under the null hypothesis.
Df - stands for degrees of freedom and it refers to
the number of independent values or quantities that can vary in an analysis
without violating any constraints.
R - typically refers to the correlation coefficient,
specifically indicating the strength and direction of the linear relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.
Adjusted
R2 - stands for a refined measure of the goodness of fit of a regression
model that accounts for the number of predictors used relative to the number of
observations.
F - refers to the F-statistic, which is used to
assess the overall significance of a regression model.
The total
import of the model; the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the regression
coefficient was 0.000 (p<0.05) and F-value was 41.445. This implies that the cost of transportation
logistics significantly and positively predicts reach to quality suppliers in
Nigeria. Taking into account
the result of regression coefficients, the regression model earlier formulated
as:
y2 = α0 + β2x2
+ µii
……. (11)
Can now be stated as:
Reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria = 2.677 + 0.308x2 + µii (12)
From Table 4, the regression’s equations’
constant had an unstandardized coefficient of 2.677. It implies that when all
factors were held to constant zero (0), the cost of transportation logistics of
selected manufacturing and retail companies in Lagos State, Nigeria was
equivalent to 2.677 which is optimistic. The predictive model showed that the
cost of transportation logistics (0.308) is however significant. This implies
that the cost of transportation logistics has the potential to increase reach
to quality suppliers in Lagos State, Nigeria. The models further revealed that when
all the components of cost of transportation logistics are improved by one
unit, reach to quality supplier would increase by 0.308. In view of these outcomes, the null hypothesis (H02) that specifies that
there is no substantial influence of the cost of transport logistics on the
reach to quality suppliers in Nigeria was rejected.
7. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The analysis for the first objective
contradicted the initial hypothesis that the availability of transport
logistics has no substantial influence on the identification and access to a
quality workforce in Nigeria. The results of our study demonstrated a notable
influence of transport logistics availability on workforce access, suggesting a
positive effect on the recruitment and retention of skilled employees. This
outcome aligns with the findings of Ref. [21], who also highlighted the importance of
transport services in facilitating the identification and access to a quality
workforce. By confirming these results, our research emphasizes the critical
role of transport infrastructure in shaping labour market dynamics and
improving workforce accessibility, particularly in regions such as Nigeria
where transportation obstacles can greatly affect economic activities.
Moreover, the correlation between the
availability of transportation logistics and the accessibility of the workforce
is consistent with existing research on the socioeconomic effects of
transportation. For example, Ref. [3] illustrated the positive correlation
between transportation infrastructure and work quality in Nigeria. Although
their research primarily examined how transportation infrastructure influences
worker productivity and satisfaction, the fundamental idea that improved
transportation accessibility leads to better work outcomes is echoed in their
findings. Likewise, Ref. [39] pointed out the negative impact of high
transportation costs on work quality in the Nigerian service industry,
underscoring the importance of convenient and cost-effective transportation in
creating favourable work environments.
A theoretical perspective like Human Capital
Theory (HCT) can provide a deeper understanding of how transport accessibility
influences workforce dynamics. HCT suggests that investments in human capital,
such as education, skills, and health, are crucial for improving productivity
and economic outcomes. By connecting this theory to the transportation
framework, we can argue that improved transport infrastructure is equivalent to
an investment in human capital. It directly enhances access to job
opportunities and training resources, potentially increasing overall workforce
productivity and skills. Additionally, examining the results through the lens
of Spatial Mismatch Theory can further contextualize the findings within the
broader socioeconomic challenges faced by regions like Nigeria. This theory
explains how geographic, and transportation barriers lead to the separation of
low-income individuals from employment opportunities. By improving transport
infrastructure, such mismatches can be mitigated, facilitating better alignment
between where people live and where they work.
Essentially, the results of the study
validate the significance of transportation services in enabling workforce
accessibility and highlight the wider socioeconomic consequences of a strong
transport network. By clarifying the connection between transport accessibility
and workforce behaviour, the study adds to a more thorough comprehension of the
complex relationship between transportation systems and labour market results,
thus guiding policy measures designed to enhance both transport infrastructure
and labour market effectiveness in Nigeria
For the second objective, the analysis
conducted resulted in the dismissal of the second hypothesis, which initially
proposed that there is no significant effect of transport logistics costs on
the identification and reach of quality suppliers in Nigeria. The study's
results indicated a substantial impact of transport logistics costs on supplier
identification and reach, suggesting a favourable effect on the ability to
establish connections with quality suppliers. This finding is consistent with
the broader body of literature on the correlation between transportation
expenses and supply chain effectiveness. The results are in close agreement
with the study carried out by Ref. [45], which examined the influence of
transportation expenses on the efficiency of employees in Nigeria. Although
their study concentrated on the consequences of transportation costs on worker
productivity, the fundamental concept of transportation costs impacting
economic activities and results is in harmony with the outcomes of this
research. Additionally, the favourable correlation between transportation costs
and supplier recognition echoes the conclusions of various other studies that
emphasize the crucial role of transportation in moulding supply chain dynamics
and commercial activities.
Furthermore, the importance of transportation
expenses in supplier recognition highlights the wider socio-economic consequences
of transportation obstacles. Research conducted by Ref. [42] and
[34] has stressed the significance of logistics efficiency and transportation
workforce in improving effectiveness in different industries in Nigeria.
Although their research may have a slightly different focus compared to the
study's emphasis on supplier recognition, the overall message of
transportation's crucial function in enabling economic activities and promoting
business competitiveness stays unchanged. Incorporating Transaction Cost
Economics (TCE) could offer a theoretical foundation that explains the economic
reasoning behind these findings. TCE focuses on exchange costs and
organizational structures to manage these costs. In this study's context, TCE
could clarify how high transport logistics costs act as transaction costs that
could hinder or encourage the restructuring of supplier relationships and
sourcing strategies to reduce these costs.
Moreover, exploring the concept of Economic
Geography could enhance this discussion by examining how economic activities'
distribution impacts business practices and economic outcomes. By using this
perspective, the study could investigate how geographical and transportation
factors influence the economic rationale behind supplier selection and
maintenance, offering a deeper comprehension of spatial dynamic forces in
supply chain management. To summarize, the outcomes of the study provide
treasured intuitions into the significant influence of transport logistics
expenses on supplier identification and reach in Nigeria. By clarifying the
connection between transportation costs and the dynamics of the supply
chain, this research contributes to a more comprehensive comprehension of the intricate
interactions between transportation systems and economic activities. These observations
hold great significance for policymakers and stakeholders who aim to tackle
transportation obstacles and improve the efficiency of the supply chain in
Nigeria.
8. CONCLUSION
This
investigative research offered an intuition into how the factors of transport
services (availability of transport logistics and cost of transport logistics)
affect worker’s performance (access to quality workforce and reach to quality
suppliers in Nigeria). Moreover, the application of regression analysis was
specifically beneficial to ascertain the total fit of the model.
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
In
view of the background, objectives and outcomes, the subsequent recommendations
are well-thought-out to be compulsory:
1. Stakeholders
should promote sustainable transport modes, such as public transit, cycling,
and walking, to reduce environmental impacts and alleviate traffic congestion.
Encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles and investing in renewable energy
sources can contribute to a greener and more sustainable transport system.
2. Governments
and industry groups need to support training programs for transport
professionals to improve their skills. By focusing on safety, customer service,
and technical expertise, the quality of transport services can be enhanced,
leading to better work results.
10. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE
10.1.
Theoretical contribution
The
research enhances understanding by developing a model that explains the
connection between transportation services and work quality in Nigeria. By
combining different theories like transaction cost economics, service-dominant
logic, and supply chain management, the study presents a detailed framework for
analysing the impact of transportation services on different aspects of work
quality. Moreover, by clearly defining and measuring important terms and
variables, the research brings clarity to the theoretical foundations of the
study area. This conceptual framework clarity improves comprehension of how
transport logistics services influence work quality, ultimately progressing
conceptual knowledge in the field.
10.2.
Empirical contribution
The study's empirical contribution lies in its
analysis of primary data collected through a field survey. By conducting
descriptive and regression analysis, the study validates the hypothesized
relationships between transport services and work quality indicators. The study
offers empirical evidence of the significant impact of transport services on
various aspects of work quality, such as access to quality workforce, and
suppliers. This offers practical
insights for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders in the transport and
employment sectors. Additionally, the study ensures methodological rigour in
data collection and analysis by employing rigorous statistical methods,
enhancing the credibility and reliability of its findings. This strengthens the
empirical foundation of knowledge in the field of transport logistics services
and work quality. The research significantly enhances knowledge by improving
conceptual understanding, expanding theoretical frameworks, and presenting
empirical evidence on the correlation between transport services and work
quality in Nigeria. These findings enhance academic discussions and guide
practical efforts to enhance work quality through better transport services.
11. IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS
In view of the background, aims and
results of this study on transport logistics services and quality of work, the
inference is discussed as follows.
11.1. Management practice
Organizations should consider
integrating findings from the study into their strategic planning procedures by
understanding the value of investing in efficient transportation services. This
could entail creating plans to optimize transportation networks, improve
logistics management, and enhance accessibility to support a high-quality
workforce and supplier network. Managers can better allocate resources by
prioritizing investments in transportation infrastructure, logistics
capabilities, and employee training. Recognizing the significant influence of
transportation services on work quality, organizations can rationalize resource
allocations aimed at improving the quality of workforce and suppliers.
Developing key performance indicators (KPIs) related to transportation services
can help organizations monitor and assess their impact on work quality
outcomes. Metrics like transportation cost per unit, delivery time variance,
and workforce satisfaction with transportation services can offer valuable
insights into the effectiveness of transportation management practices.
11.2. Industry
Supply chain managers across various
sectors can utilize research findings to optimize supply chain operations and
boost overall efficiency. Understanding the impact of transportation services
on sourcing quality suppliers can help streamline procurement processes and
minimize disruptions. Providing top-notch transportation solutions allows
companies to stand out from rivals, attract skilled professionals, and
cultivate customer loyalty, ultimately strengthening their market position.
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Received 11.05.2024; accepted in revised
form 20.07.2024
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