Article citation information:
Niewiadomski,
P., Merkisz-Guranowska, A. A sustainable product in view of technical parts and
components of a means of agricultural transport. Scientific Journal of Silesian
University of Technology. Series Transport. 2024, 123, 227-244. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2024.123.11.
Przemysław NIEWIADOMSKI[1], Agnieszka MERKISZ-GURANOWSKA[2]
A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT IN VIEW OF TECHNICAL PARTS AND COMPONENTS OF A
MEANS OF AGRICULTURAL TRANSPORT
Summary. This study
includes research whose main goal was to answer the question of the mandatory
features of a sustainable product and the level of their fulfilment in view of
the manufacturing process of parts and technical subassemblies of a means of
agricultural transport. With reference to the objective formulated in this way,
preliminary criteria were established that were then subjected to a
comprehensive analysis and breakdown (determining the significance from the
research perspective). In the next stage, within the theoretical and design
layer – following literature review and expert research – a
research tool in the form of an evaluation sheet was created. At the empirical
level, a thorough evaluation of the implementation of deliberately selected
propositions serving as the global foundation of the concept of the sustainable
product manufacturing process was performed (the holistic approach). The
investigation was conducted among selected manufacturers of parts and technical
subassemblies of means of agricultural transport (agricultural machinery
sector). At the onset of the research work, the conceptual model of the thesis
was constructed, according to which the surveyed enterprises are focused on
individuals (working environment), natural environment and economics (including
minimizing waste throughout the product life cycle), which is a prerequisite as
far as a sustainable product is concerned.
Keywords: sustainable
product, product life cycle, sustainable development, sustainable production,
parts and components of a means of agricultural transport
1.
INTRODUCTION
Company’s
efficiency depends on the ability to meet the growing expectations of customers
[1]. Therefore, to improve the competitiveness of manufactured products, a
company must adjust all its activities to the needs of customers by giving its
products the features desired and preferred by buyers [2]. In order to keep up
with the competition, all the potential opportunities of the organization
should be exploited by optimally utilising its own resources. It is about
providing the market with what is needed and at the same time with what can be
produced by the company. Therefore, modification of existing products or
development of new products are of great importance for the company. They
determine the level and pace of revenue growth, market share, market position
or quality and cost leadership [3].
The
starting point before the manufacturing process should therefore be the recognition
of customer needs, enhanced with market research. Based on the knowledge of
customer needs, competition activities, consumer sensitivity to the social
environment and environmental activities, the company develops its action
plans. The suggested price, the properties of the offer, the added value it
provides all affect the purchase decision made by the customer. Their analysis
is to assist the manufacturer in predicting future market behaviour. Although
the process of consumer behaviour on the market because of multi-faceted
conditions, is very complex, getting to know it is the best way to adjust the
offer to the needs and preferences of customers [4].
The
objectives of modern enterprises focus on increasing the value of the product
[5-7] in view of their interests (manufacturing economics) on the one hand, and
they must consider a number of factors resulting from the needs of the
environment [8] on the other. Considerable attention is paid to environmental
criteria [9], which should be included at the stage of selecting raw materials
and materials utilised in production, as well as at the manufacturing processes
themselves. Products should be designed to be recyclable or reusable,
facilitating waste management and making it less costly. In such a way,
enterprises can improve their own processes, influence suppliers and other
market entities with whom they cooperate at various stages of the life cycle of
products. While they take care of
the impact on the environment and monitor it, they implement the idea of
thinking with the product life cycle in mind. Hence, the rational minimization
of the negative environmental impact of manufacturing processes, involving
employees, the natural environment and the minimization of post-production
waste, is therefore an inherent feature of a sustainable product [10].
In
connection with the above, the key and inseparable element of production
activity is the ability to manage it. To understand it, companies need to adapt
and influence specific aspects of their economic, social and natural
environment [11].
Ensuring
the final product’s quality and durability through a number of factors
occurring during the entire cycle leading from its production, processing,
transport, storage to its acquisition by the consumer and end-of-life treatment
should ensure the long-term development capacity of the company while
maintaining good economic, social and environmental results [12].
In
the search for a market advantage, one of the most important steps is to
analyse the value of the manufactured product from the consumer's perspective
[13]. It is essential to identify the benefits expected by consumers within a
given market segment and how they perceive the added value of the product
portfolio.
In
view of the above, the main goal of the research was to address the issue of
the mandatory features of a sustainable product and to estimate the level of
their fulfilment in view of the production process of parts and technical
subassemblies of agricultural means of transport.
This
theoretical and empirical scope of the publication dictates the research
methods applied. As for the theoretical aspects, the method of analysing and
interpreting the literature related to the theory of sustainable management was
used, and regarding the design layer, a research procedure based on a creative
discussion conducted among carefully selected experts – representatives
of agricultural machinery companies manufacturing parts and subassemblies of
technical means of agricultural transport (tractors, trailers, self-propelled
agricultural machines) was initiated.
The
intention of the authors was to present product evaluation in the broader
context of striving for the optimal value for the customer, including the
highest quality, the lowest (or acceptable) cost, the shortest delivery time
obtained simultaneously as a result of avoiding and constantly eliminating all
kinds of waste and negative impact on the environment [14] while providing
customers with what they want and need (sustainable product philosophy). It is
intended to provide practical guidance in this regard.
2. SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT – SOME REFLECTIONS
The market leading position of a
product requires numerous elements that are of a specific value for the
customer. From the consumer's perspective: the greater this value is, the
better chance there is for a manufacturer to gain loyal customers [15], which
ultimately ensures its functioning and development. The decisive condition for
achieving market success is therefore the product's ability to satisfy specific
needs of the consumer. This means that when buying the product, the customer
acquires not only its physical features, but also certain benefits: utility
values and expectations related to a given product [16]. The product is
therefore a combination of interconnected physical features, utilities,
benefits, and values.
One of the essential conditions
for the company's success on the market is to identify the most effective
product position on the market. Therefore, it is necessary to decide what image
of the product and the company to create in the minds of consumers [17]. This
process is known as product positioning on the market [18]. The starting point
for positioning is the product [19]. Yet positioning does not just mean what is
done with the product itself. It also refers to product perception by potential
buyer. In other words, the product is positioned in the buyer's mind [20]. The
aim of this activity is to obtain the desired position of the product and the
company in the future awareness of buyers [21].
Currently, more and more
consumers are aware of their impact on the environment – both in the
context of the impact exerted by the manufacturers and the products they
manufacture. Several practical
examples show the economic and social benefits resulting from caring for
ecological issues, as well as the environmental policy adopted [22].
Environmental aspects should
therefore be analysed and incorporated into product design and development.
Which means that the product should be designed in a way that reduces the
consumption of natural resources and reduces the negative impact on the environment
without compromising quality (ecodesign). It aims at reducing the negative
environmental impact at every stage of the life cycle [23-25]. Starting from
the acquisition of materials and raw materials, through production, transport,
use, up to the final management and final disposal of the generated waste or
its reuse. [26-27].
Unfortunately,
the current economic model is still based on the
“take-make-dispose” principle. It depletes available resources,
pollutes the environment and destroys biodiversity and climate [28]. This also
makes European countries dependent on resources from other sources. To solve
these problems, it is necessary to move to a circular economy model [29-30]
based on sustainable products [31]. It involves addressing the environmental
impact of products at every stage of their life cycle and extending their
functionality. Businesses must thus focus on manufacturing more sustainable,
circular and more resource-efficient products. More sustainable products
contribute to increasing the competitiveness of companies.
However, at the
level of the European Commission (EC), certain activities have been undertaken
to introduce uniform, EU-wide methods for measuring the environmental
performance of products and organizations (as initiated by the Communication to
the European Parliament and the Council issued by the European Commission in
2013 on the need to build a common market of green products and assessment of their environmental performance),
but there is still a lot to do in this area. That is why on 30 March
2022 a set of measures was adopted by the EC whose
aim is to make sustainable products the norm in the EU. The activities
suggested are crucial to achieve the goals of the European Green Deal, the
European growth strategy to transform the EU into a fairer and more prosperous
society, and to implement the key objectives of the Circular Economy Action
Plan. They will help to achieve EU environmental and climate goals by doubling
the circular material consumption rate and achieving energy efficiency targets
by 2030 [32].
In view of the
above, the following questions must always be asked:
− Where was the product manufactured (by whom and under what conditions)?
− What materials is it made from?
− Will it recyclable or reusable at the end of its life?
− How efficient is the product?
With the deterioration of the natural environment in mind, these issues
become crucial. The basis of a sustainable business model should, therefore
focus on safe, economical and durable products that are created during the
clean production process. Manufacturing goods in a clean production process
requires the elimination of harmful emissions of gases, liquids, solid
substances and radiation from technological processes, limiting the waste of
energy, heat, water, raw materials and other aspects of production. The same
should also be implemented by manufacturers of materials, parts, and
components.
A sustainable company manufactures safe, durable products [33].
Environmental criteria should be considered both at the level of selecting raw
materials and materials used for production, as well as the production
processes themselves (sustainable production). Products should be designed in
such a way as to be recyclable [34-35], or reusable, resulting in waste
management that is more efficient and less costly [36-37]. In order to create
such products, the analysis of their entire life cycle must be carried out,
including the production, marketing and use phases, as well as the social and
ecological aspects of their disposal. Disposing of goods is one of the greatest
challenges for manufacturers [38].
3. SCOPE OF RESEARCH
3.1.
Defining the research problem
In the market of
manufacturers of parts and components of agricultural machinery (technical
means of agricultural transport), the basic competition tool (to an even
greater extent) is the product. Product orientation will determine other
marketing instruments – this is proven by the analysis of the development
strategy and competition of participants in this sector conducted by the
authors of the study. It asserts the dominant position of the product strategy
in the marketing mix. The effectiveness of marketing instruments and activities
understood as an integrated whole, i.e. a certain sustainable marketing system,
will be decisive for the success of the company. It is why formulating the
company's marketing strategy should not be based exclusively on striving to
maximize individual elements of this strategy, but all its elements combined.
Factors that
destabilize the environment, causing its increasing turbulence, include many
social changes. Farmers are increasingly ambitious entrepreneurs, spontaneously
looking for new solutions, striving for innovative methods of cultivation and
breeding. A modern agricultural entrepreneur strives to increase the
profitability of its company and to implement as many rational solutions as
possible with the lowest possible costs and environmental risk. It should be
remembered that social and technological development will focus its special
attention on maintaining ethical, moral and religious principles, so that the
centre of attention is always the man and the environment, not only the machine
and profit.
The changes that have
already taken place in the 21st century have resulted in a radical revision of
the philosophy of management. An important feature of the new approach to doing
business is environmental protection. From this perspective, the company should
be more aware of ecological issues and, by addressing them indirectly, ease the
burden on the natural environment. The implementation of such an approach
requires a change in the attitude to ecology from the end stage of the
production process to its very onset (process design).
Nowadays, attention to
natural environmental resources is becoming an increasingly significant element
of the functioning of enterprises on the global market. When choosing a
specific product, consumers are increasingly guided by information about the
company's influence on the environment. The increasingly stronger ecological
lobby active in highly developed countries is accelerating the process of
making production companies operating within the agricultural machinery sector
more eco-friendly. Today, the basic goal of an enterprise is not only to
generate profit, survive and develop, but also to respect the environment and
ensure the sustainable use of natural resources. An efficiently implemented and
functioning green process within the enterprise is a guarantee of sustainable
economic development. In view of the above, production companies will be forced
to incur considerable expenses to maintain extensive environmental systems. Of
course, alternative ways of achieving the assumed goals by implementing other
(cheaper) solutions in this area may be considered but linking new production
methods with environmental protection should be preferred.
The key is to adapt
products to the demands of a climate-neutral and resource-efficient circular
economy and reduce the amount of waste. This initiative should also cover the
issue of the presence of harmful chemicals in products, e.g. in cast iron (a
key raw material in the production of parts, components and agricultural
machines, including agricultural means of transport), as well as strengthening
the position of consumers. Therefore, the action plan for sustainable
production and its individual elements should be supported. The concept of
product life cycle analysis, and in particular the concept of efficient
management of resources and raw materials, should be effectively strengthened.
Therefore, sustainable, safe and non-toxic circular products and materials
should be the norm (not the exception) for manufacturers and should be
considered a mandatory option that is attractive, affordable, and accessible to
all consumers.
The complexity of the
description of actions and proposals regarding sustainable consumption and
production as well as sustainable industrial policy, aimed at increasing the
environmental performance of products throughout their life cycle, increasing
consumer awareness and demand for sustainable products (components and parts)
and production technologies, make this issue important, both theoretically and
practically to management staff as well as business owners. In view of the
above, it was the authors’ intention to conduct a series of pilot studies
(initial research) in an attempt to answer the question concerning the
mandatory features of a sustainable product on the agricultural machinery
market. Additionally, the lack of studies was noticed in which research work is
undertaken to determine the level of their fulfilment in terms of the
production process of parts and technical components of agricultural transport
means. In view of the above, filling this knowledge gap was considered
justified.
3.2. Purpose, questions, and presumption
The study undertook research with the main goal of trying to address the
question of the obligatory features of a sustainable product. It was also
considered crucial to specify the level of their achievement in terms of the
production process of parts and technical components of agricultural transport
means.
To achieve the main goal, the formulation, and implementation of
theoretical (cognitive), methodological and practical partial goals was
required. The cognitive goals involved literature review on the concept of a
sustainable product, which gave rise to further research reflected in the
process of collective search, creation, and evaluation of ideas (features
significantly emphasized in the literature on the subject). The methodological
goals included specifying the procedure for forming key – from the
research point of view – proposals and the mechanism for determining the
hierarchy of articulated features of a sustainable product. The practical goal
was to specify the level of compliance with these features from the perspective
of parts and components required for technical means of agricultural transport
(verification among manufacturers operating in the agricultural machinery sector).
The authors' intention was to make a list of practical conclusions and
recommendations. From the perspective of the discussed topic, a number of
important research questions were formulated:
−
What features of a sustainable
product, emphasized in literature, are important for the evaluation of parts and technical components of a means of agricultural
transport?
−
What features that constitute a
sustainable product – in the opinion of experts and manufacturers of
technical parts and components for means of agricultural transport – are
the key features?
−
Do parts and components of
technical means of agricultural transport as manufactured by the surveyed
companies qualify as a sustainable product?
The belief that there exists an economic demand for results of an
applied nature served as the main inspiration to undertake research, and it
became the starting point for formulating the thesis (presumption). On the
other hand, an increasing number of manufacturers of parts and technical
components for agricultural transport organise a business model which revolves
around the concept of a sustainable product and the values that define it.
Thus, the surveyed companies are oriented towards people (work environment),
natural environment and economy (including minimization of waste throughout the
entire product life cycle), which, from this perspective, is a necessary
condition.
3.3. The concept of study procedure
In
this study, a four-stage research procedure was applied, the diagram of which
is shown in Figure 1.
Purpose, scope, research questions – defined
gaps
Literature overview Conclusive examination Conclusions and
recommendations Defining features –
assessment sheet Assessment
of the level of fulfillment Identification
of product features - general list Expert examination
(verification of ideas) Indicative examination Defining
the features in more detail - assessing the importance of significance
Fig.
1. Concept of research procedure (own study)
The first stage of the research, stemming from the
literature overview, includes features characteristic of a sustainable product
(values), which are assessed later on in the work. Still – at the stage
of formulating the general list – it was assumed that none of the
features was more important than others, the main goal of further research was
to try to estimate the level of their essence and accomplishment. In this
context, their ranking was justified. Theoretical research – in the
further part – constituted the basis for defining key values.
In the second stage, an expert team was appointed to
define a catalogue of sustainable product features and discuss them in relation
to the examined sector and the results of literature overview. As developing characteristics
poses difficulties (individual researchers create their own categories of
research objects, without assigning them ranks, naming and interpreting them
differently), such action was considered desirable. In the end, a catalogue of
features defining a sustainable product was assembled, which is the basis of
the assessment sheet. The main survey was carried out among manufacturers of
parts and technical components of agricultural transport means. From their
perspective, the degree of implementation of the features defining a
sustainable product throughout its life cycle was measured.
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Literature query
The
literature review was carried out based on the two largest indexing databases
(Web of Science and SCOPUS). Still, the decision was also made to include
scientific texts written in Polish and possibly those of non-scientific type as
well. Therefore, with authors' perceptual and time capabilities in mind, as
well as the practical limitations imposed, the decision was made to include
publications catalogued in EBSCO and BazEkon in the final database as well. The
choice of the databases was informed by the availability of publications
concerned with the research subject and their quality.
A
preliminary analysis of the literature indicated that the topic of sustainable
products is covered under different headings and in various combinations.
Therefore, the following terms were searched for in electronic databases:
“Sustainable Parts and Components”, “Product Life
Cycle”, “Sustainable Product”, “Sustainable
Management”, “Sustainable Development”. The reconstruction
and interpretation of the subject literature method was supported by two
competent reviewers, which enabled the selection of publications that most
significantly reflected the research problem. The literature review included
works mainly from the area of engineering, technical and social sciences.
As
a result, the catalogue of features characteristic of a sustainable product has
been compiled. The literature query made it possible to confront the authors'
thoughts and experiences with the findings of other researchers. Moreover, it
was an inspiration to undertake further research. The analysis took place in
three phases. First, key features defining a sustainable product were extracted
from the available texts. Secondly, repeated features were isolated through
logical analysis. Then, content defining was assigned to each feature. On this
basis, conclusions were drawn and presented during the organized creative
session.
4.2. Exchange of ideas
– expert method
The concern of the next stage of research was to attempt identification
of features characteristic of a sustainable product (the proposals) by
deliberately selected field experts. It was assumed that a debate held within a
group of experts may lead to formulating new proposals, on the one hand, as
well as enable the verification of the accuracy of the selection of proposals
developed on the basis of previous literature research, on the other. To ensure
the adequacy of their assessments, a representative panel of experts was
selected: 12 participants were invited to participate in the study. The
surveyed experts included a group aged between 31 and 40 (8.33%). The age of
58.33% of the respondents was between 41 and 50 years, 8.33% was between 51 and
60 years, and 25.00% were over 60 years. Among the respondents, the majority
had higher education (75.00%); 16.67% had secondary education, 8.33% –
had vocational education.
In order to select the best group of ideas – each invited user
could formulate proposals (the brainstorming), and the other members could
debate them (the selection of ideas). After completing the research, the
authors wrote down all the proposals suggested, compared them with the
proposals of selected researchers (literature research), grouped similar ideas,
which in the long run resulted in compiling a list of 39 essential
characteristics as regards the concept of a sustainable product.
It is assumed that the factors mentioned here are by no means
exhaustive. Their list is not and cannot be finite. In the opinion of the
authors, sometimes an entirely new or underestimated factor (feature) appears,
which suddenly changes the image of the prevailing reality radically. Moreover,
there is a probability of mutual interactions of individual factors, the
possibility of their accumulation, which leads to further adjustments and
breakthroughs in the organization.
Regardless of the above, in order to be able to discuss the key
proposals (constituting the strongest accents from the perspective of the
concept of a sustainable product), it was necessary to reduce the list by means
of expert organization method, as the introduction of such a large number of
variables would prevent the formulation of significant conclusions. To achieve
specifically this goal, the decision was made to conduct an additional
reduction study. For this purpose, a team of competent judges was appointed,
consisting of 3 selected specialists.
4.3. Verification test
4.3.1. Description of the
research sample
47
companies manufacturing parts and components of technical means of agricultural
transport took part in the survey, the main aim of which was to assess the
importance and level of fulfilment of selected features of a sustainable product.
The surveyed enterprises included manufacturers of products classified within
the groups of (1) agricultural tractors, (2) manure spreaders and trailers, (3)
self-propelled machines. The
majority of the surveyed entities were natural individuals running a business
(53.19%). The share of enterprises operating in the form of a limited liability
company was also relatively high (34.04%), it was also true for private
partnerships (8.51%). The share of joint-stock companies and general
partnerships was insignificant (4.26%). Most of the companies taking part in
the survey were enterprises consisting of 10–50 employees. Their share in
the research sample was 42.55%. There was also a large percentage of companies
employing 51–250 employees (38.30%). The share of small companies (up to
9 employees) was 10.64%, and large companies (over 250 employees) accounted for
only 8.51%. The vast majority of enterprises hold an established position on
the market and have been operating on it for many years. Note that 70.21% of
the companies have been operating on the market for at least 11 years. The
percentage of companies that have been operating on the market for 6–10
years is also rather large (25.53%). However, companies that have been
operating on the market for no more than 5 years accounted for the total of
4.26% in the survey. Most of the analysed companies conduct their business activities mostly on
the domestic market (31.91%) and the European market (38.30%). The share of
enterprises in the agricultural machinery sector (technical means of
agricultural transport) operating primarily on a global scale was 29.79%. The
products manufactured by the company are 23.40% original parts, which are
mainly used for the so-called first assembly (OE — Original Equipment).
In the case of 17.02% of enterprises, products are manufactured on the same
production line as spare parts; they are not marked with the logo of the
manufacturer of the agricultural means of transport, but with the logo of the
parts' manufacturer (OEM — Original Equipment Manufacturer). As many as
38.30% are companies whose parts have appropriate certificates issued but are
not delivered for the first assembly (OEQ). For 21.28% of companies,
substitutes that do not have certificates are crucial.
The vast
majority of the survey was completed by respondents holding positions at the
highest management level of the company. Most often, they were owners (46.81%)
or respondents from the company's management board (27.66%). The percentage of
respondents belonging to the company's management staff (19.15%) and
respondents holding lower positions in the company (6.38%) was much smaller.
The vast majority of respondents (70.21%) who represented companies in the
process of completing the survey questionnaire had higher education
(bachelor's, engineering or master's degrees). There were only 29.79% of
respondents who had less than higher education (vocational and secondary
education, and this group was dominated by respondents with secondary
education). The majority of respondents completing the survey questionnaire
were respondents aged 45-54 (31.91%). There was also a significant share of
respondents aged 36-44 (19.15%) and 55-65 (29.79%). Younger respondents, i.e.
under 35 years of age, constituted only 2.13% of all respondents, and those
aged 65+ – as much as 17.02%.
4.3.2. Results
A survey questionnaire was developed to collect
statistical material in order to perform the data collection process using this
tool. The empirical material obtained from the above sources enabled the
researchers to create collective tables showing the impact of specific factors
on a sustainable product. A point assessment of the attractiveness of the
sector was used for the analysis. It involved constructing a list of features
characteristic of a sustainable product. Then, this list was assessed during
survey interviews. Participants in the study were asked to determine the
weights of the respective features affecting a sustainable product (importance
assessment). When determining the weights, they were given a scale from 1 to 5,
where 1 meant the lowest weight and 5 – the highest one. In addition,
respondents were asked to evaluate specific features, in accordance with the
current situation in the company in which they operated. The assessment of
individual factors was also made on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 meant the
lowest assessment and 5 – the highest one. The research results are
presented in Table 1.
Tab. 1
Importance of
sustainable product features (own research results)
|
Sustainable product feature |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Mean |
||
|
% of indications (study I /
II) |
(I) |
(II) |
||||||
|
1.
|
Product compliance with EU
directives |
- - |
- 4.3 |
- 10.6 |
38.3 42.6 |
61.7 42.6 |
4.62 |
4.23 |
|
2.
|
High-quality
product |
- - |
- 2.1 |
- 6.4 |
40.4 48.9 |
59.6 42.6 |
4.60 |
4.32 |
|
3.
|
High degree of compliance with
requirements throughout the product life cycle |
- - |
- - |
- 12.8 |
42.6 44.7 |
57.4 42.6 |
4.57 |
4.30 |
|
4.
|
A
“relationship-based” product |
- 4.3 |
- 2.1 |
- 10.6 |
44.7 44.7 |
55.3 38.3 |
4.55 |
4.11 |
|
5.
|
Efficient and modern production technologies that are environmentally
friendly |
- - |
- 4.3 |
6.4 8.5 |
36.2 42.6 |
57.4 44.7 |
4.51 |
4.28 |
|
6.
|
Reputation and opinion
prevailing in the market |
- - |
- 4.3 |
6.4 8.5 |
40.4 44.7 |
53.2 42.6 |
4.47 |
4.26 |
|
7.
|
A product focused on ecology in
the process of use |
- 2.1 |
- 6.4 |
6.4 21.3 |
42.6 36.2 |
51.1 34.0 |
4.45 |
3.94 |
|
8.
|
Ecodesign |
- - |
- 4.3 |
10.6 10.6 |
36.2 38.3 |
53.2 46.8 |
4.43 |
4.28 |
|
9.
|
Supply
of spare parts |
- - |
- 2.1 |
8.5 12.8 |
40.4 36.2 |
51.1 48.9 |
4.43 |
4.32 |
|
10. |
Types
and quantities of packaging materials |
- 2.1 |
- 6.4 |
10.6 17.0 |
38.3 38.3 |
51.1 36.2 |
4.40 |
4.00 |
|
11. |
The
product is designed in such a way as to make it recyclable |
- 4.3 |
2.1 14.9 |
8.5 29.8 |
40.4 25.5 |
48.9 25.5 |
4.36 |
3.53 |
|
12.
|
Technological options for
harmless disposal |
- 2.1 |
- 6.4 |
14.9 21.3 |
34.0 27.7 |
51.1 42.6 |
4.36 |
4.02 |
|
13.
|
Resistance to changing working
conditions |
- - |
- 4.3 |
8.5 12.8 |
48.9 36.2 |
42.6 44.7 |
4.34 |
4.15 |
|
14. |
Elimination of activities not
adding value to the product |
- 4.3 |
2.1 4.3 |
10.6 14.9 |
40.4 36.2 |
46.8 40.4 |
4.32 |
4.04 |
|
15.
|
Designing work systems with the
recommendations of conceptual ergonomics in mind |
- 2.1 |
-
6.4 |
14.9 17.0 |
42.6 27.7 |
42.6 46.8 |
4.28 |
4.11 |
|
16.
|
An “ethical”
product that incorporates the theme of social justice |
2.1 - |
2.1 2.1 |
14.9 17.0 |
31.9 29.8 |
48.9 51.1 |
4.23 |
4.30 |
|
17.
|
Maximizing usability while
minimizing operating costs |
2.1 |
4.3 6.4 |
10.6 14.9 |
36.2 38.3 |
46.8 40.4 |
4.21 |
4.02 |
|
18.
|
Supervision of product functioning and assessment of safety of use |
2.1 4.3 |
2.1 6.4 |
14.9 31.9 |
36.2 23.4 |
44.7 34.0 |
4.19 |
3.77 |
|
19.
|
Highly competitive product
(cost-profit ratio combined with environmental benefits) |
2.1 - |
- 4.3 |
14.9 14.9 |
42.6 36.2 |
40.4 44.7 |
4.19 |
4.21 |
|
20.
|
Possibility to transfer the
used product to the supplier |
- 4.3 |
6.4 6.4 |
12.8 27.7 |
38.3 31.9 |
42.6 29.8 |
4.17 |
3.77 |
|
21.
|
Compliance
with specifications |
- - |
4.3 2.1 |
12.8 8.5 |
51.1 53.2 |
31.9 36.2 |
4.11 |
4.23 |
|
22.
|
Replacing energy sources in production processes - introducing the
so-called green energy |
2.1 6.4 |
4.3 14.9 |
21.3 34.0 |
34.0 25.5 |
38.3 19.1 |
4.02 |
3.36 |
|
23.
|
Improvements in tool and
material management are introduced in production |
2.1 - |
6.4 4.3 |
17.0 17.0 |
38.3 42.6 |
36.2 38.3 |
4.00 |
4.21 |
|
24.
|
Instruction manual ensuring
safe use |
2.1 - |
6.4 - |
14.9 8.5 |
42.6 44.7 |
34.0 46.8 |
4.00 |
4.38 |
|
25.
|
The product has a warranty |
4.3 2.1 |
2.1 - |
21.3 10.6 |
40.4 38.3 |
31.9 48.9 |
3.94 |
4.32 |
In
the context of a sustainable product, its compliance with EU directives,
including a hazard analysis and risk assessment for the purposes of issuing an
EC declaration of conformity, was considered. In the case of manufacturers of
components and parts of agricultural trailers, the compliance with the
regulations on technical conditions and vehicle equipment (traffic on public
roads) is crucial, including measurements of masses and wheel and axle loads of
road vehicles (4.62), the requirement generally implemented by the examined
enterprises (4.23). This partly influences the high quality of components and
parts (performance, reliability, compatibility, durability, aesthetics)
ensuring their long-term use (4.32). It is important as ensuring the quality and
durability of the final product (through a number of factors present during the
entire cycle leading from its production, processing, transport, storage to
purchase by the consumer and recycling) is – in the opinion of the
surveyed enterprises – a premise that significantly determines a
sustainable product (4.60). A relatively high degree of meeting the
requirements resulting from market needs is implied, taking into account the
latest achievements and experience in the processes of design, construction, production,
and operation (4.30). It thus influences the level of modernity throughout the
product's life cycle, which is important as far as a sustainable product is
concerned (4.57).
A
sustainable product is a “relationship-based” product where the
consumer is simultaneously involved in the process of creating and promoting
the product (4.55). In the course of the research, it was established that it
is the customer who co-creates the value of the product (its components and
parts) of which they are the recipient (4.11). In this sense, the customer's
actions consist in the broadly understood individualization of the value
composition (customization), i.e. taking actions aimed at obtaining values
tailored to their needs and expectations. That is why increasingly more
efficient and modern production technologies that are neutral (and not harmful)
to the environment are so essential in the production process of parts and
components (4.51). New methods of organizing production (aimed primarily at
eliminating any losses resulting from production processes) characterize the
surveyed enterprises significantly (4.28). The above activities constitute
objective opinions, views and judgments, which are important when it comes to a
sustainable product (4.47). The image of parts and components – created
as a result of monitoring customer activities and behaviour – is the sum
of how companies reacted towards the environment (4.26). A derivative of this
considers account ecological limitations in the process of their use (3.94),
since a sustainable product is a product focused on ecology (4.45). Therefore,
striving to meet customer needs while avoiding deteriorating the condition of
ecosystems and their ability to continue further use (minimizing the impact of
the product on the natural environment and humans during use) is already a
standard today. Particular attention is paid to the environmental criteria of
the product, which are included at the stage of selecting raw materials and
materials used for its production (4.28). This is important since a sustainable
product is characterized by a production process that takes into account the
efficiency of raw material management throughout the product's life cycle
(4.43) and is designed according to ecodesign principles (4.43). Therefore, by
taking care of its impact on the environment and monitoring it, the company
implements the idea of life cycle thinking into its strategy and
decision-making process.
Securing
product reliability is of paramount importance in customer service. Moreover,
it builds a competitive advantage and creates the image of the company as a
solid, trustworthy partner. The increase in the complexity of modern tractors,
trailers and agricultural machines means that ensuring technical readiness
requires appropriate design solutions and an appropriate spare parts supply
strategy. The flow of spare parts related to the introduction of specific
products into use has characteristic features that influence the requirements
and structure of a sustainable product (4.43). To ensure the efficient
operation of the service department, it is necessary to take into account
aspects related to the logistic chain of manufactured components and spare
parts. The operation of the spare parts supply and acquisition system
significantly determines the possibilities of planning and implementing
accepted orders. It should be emphasized that the surveyed companies, due to
the increasing complexity of design solutions, as well as a significant
increase in the efficiency of tractors, trailers and self-propelled
agricultural machines, ensure quick and reliable maintenance in order to
minimize the costs associated with downtime. It is characterized by quick
response, cost analysis and effective repair or replacement (4.32).
The
packaging material is important from the perspective of a sustainable product,
which on the one hand has a very low impact on the natural environment, reveals
excellent shock-absorbing properties and individual design and is recyclable,
and is economically beneficial on the other (4.40). The limited impact of parts
and technical components of agricultural transport means on the environment in
terms of such attributes as the types and amount of packaging used, although
important, is implemented at an average level (4.00).
Research
conducted by the authors clearly shows that customers of the agricultural
machinery sector are becoming more proactive in striving to adopt a more
sustainable lifestyle by choosing parts and components from manufacturers that
use ethical or sustainable production. They share and adhere to values that
sustainable products should be environmentally friendly, recyclable, reusable,
or made from recycled materials (4.36). Some types of products have mandatory
recovery levels as set by the directive. However, this does not include
technical parts and components of agricultural transport means, which is
reflected in the low level of implementation of the mentioned feature (3.53).
Perhaps the introduction of such limits is necessary. If it is known in advance
that a certain amount of secondary raw materials must be collected and
processed, such market predictability will certainly encourage investment in
sorting and recycling. Particular attention is also paid to taking into account
technological options in the product development process that allow for the
harmless disposal of materials that are not subject to reuse (4.36), which from
the perspective of the surveyed enterprises requires improvement (4.02).
A
sustainable product is made of material and shaped in such a way so that it can
exercise its utility functions, i.e. it is not destroyed as a result of loads,
or by loss of material cohesion, or by changes in shape that make it impossible
to use (4.34). In the context of the surveyed enterprises, attention is paid to
the resistance to changing operating conditions and the functioning of a part
or subassembly in conditions resulting from disturbances that violate normal
operating conditions (4.15).
During
expert conversations, attention was paid to the ability of enterprises to
eliminate activities that do not add value to the product, which from the
customer's point of view do not increase its value, but increase its cost as
well as the time and effort of its production (4.04). The above seems to be
important from the perspective of producing a sustainable product (4.32).
Attention was drawn to the need to design all work systems related to the
creation of a sustainable product in such a way that production takes place in
accordance with the recommendations of conceptual ergonomics (4.28). It was
further indicated that during the production of parts and technical components
of agricultural means of transport, safety is ensured and the burdensome and
unfavourable effects of elements of the working space are counteracted, thus
ensuring optimal working conditions (4.11).
A
sustainable product – throughout its entire life cycle – should
meet the proposal of social justice and equality (4.23). In the context of the
above, a fair price adequate to production costs, fair wages and appropriate
social conditions, as well as transparency, honesty, and respect in commercial
relations are postulated (4.30).
A
sustainable product guarantees a high ratio of the number of value-adding
activities to all activities performed by a given product (4.21). In the course
of the research, it was found that manufacturers of parts and components
operating in the agricultural machinery sector strive to maximize utility while
minimizing operating expenses (4.02). Achieving the highest possible quality of
products, extending the economic period of use and creating safe conditions for
the operation of production equipment is a manifestation of such conduct. This
includes, among others: a derivative of the use of modern, non-invasive methods
allowing continuous supervision of the product's functioning and assessment of
the safety of its use (3.77), which is important from the perspective of a
sustainable product (4.19).
A
sustainable product should be highly competitive in terms of both technical
feasibility and economic competitiveness (4.19). That is why the appropriate
relationships between the costs of production activities and profit combined
with environmental benefits (4.21), expressed, among others, through the
possibility of transferring a used product to the supplier and thus covering
part of the delivery value with used and damaged products are so important for
the surveyed enterprises (4.17). However, in the case of the surveyed
enterprises, the possibility of compensating the difference between the value
of the delivery and used parts or components is limited (3.77).
The
operating system, due to the increasing complexity of design solutions, as well
as a significant increase in the efficiency of tractors, trailers, spreaders
and self-propelled agricultural machines, should ensure quick and reliable
maintenance. Although in order to minimize the repair time, it is necessary to
have appropriate service facilities and to match the parts or components to a
given machine (4.11), in the case of the surveyed companies, compliance with
the specification is declared (4.23). Therefore, the parts and components they
offer optimize cultivation technology, reduce costs, shorten process time and
increase the quality of work.
The
European Union's energy policy prioritizes the development of renewable energy
sources in connection with the fight against ongoing climate change and
environmental degradation. The above also translates into striving to replace
energy sources in production processes, which is also important from the
perspective of assessing a sustainable product (4.02). One of the ways to
obtain electricity is solar energy. Although this is by far the most common and
well-known form of obtaining electrical power among Polish manufacturers of
parts and technical components for agricultural transport, it requires further
development (3.36). The arguments that renewable energy sources are definitely
a suitable solution are that they are available all over the world and their
use is practically unlimited. Access to renewable energy sources contributes to
the increase in the energy security of companies, as they become independent of
energy supplies from other sources. The next reason why it is worth
implementing the so-called green energy is economics. By producing electricity
from renewable energy sources, companies can save a lot.
Tool
management directly affects the costs of product development and the entire
production system. Well-organized tool management noticeably reduces product
development costs. By implementing a tool management system, many enterprises
reduce expenses related to the production process. Double purchases and machine
downtime are only a small part of the problems resulting from ineffective tool
management. More and more enterprises in the examined sector are beginning to
notice issues in this area and have actively implemented solutions that help
systematize the operation of tool shops, seeing this as an opportunity for
genuine savings and an increase in production efficiency (4.21). As analyses
show, the implementation of a tool management system can reduce costs related
to the purchase, storage, repair and scrapping of equipment by up to 30-40%.
Therefore, improvements in tool management that result in measurable savings indirectly
define a sustainable product (4.00). In the context of the research carried
out, attention was paid to the instruction manual ensuring safe use,
maintenance, adjustment, assembly, transport, as well as any other information
regarding the safe use of the part or component (4.38), which significantly
characterizes a sustainable product (4.00). Similarly, warranties (based on
their uniqueness, among others, on a long period, a wide scope of protection,
offering a particularly simple and convenient complaint procedure for the
customer or the right to return) are a feature identifying a sustainable
product (3.94), are an obvious-added value offered by surveyed enterprises
(4.32).
5. DISCUSSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The features expressed in the results of the
literature search and expert research are important from the perspective of a
sustainable product (parts and technical components of agricultural transport
means). The average of the indications relating to the level of their
significance oscillates between 3.94 and 4.62, and takes into account the
proposals that define them and the level of their fulfilment, 3.36-4.38. It can
be noted that in the case of as many as twenty-four proposals, the average
rating of the respondents regarding their level of importance is at least 4
(significantly defining a sustainable product). Only one feature was rated by
the respondents as having a value close to 4.00 (the average was 3.94). For the
level of implementation, eighteen features were rated 4.00 or higher. The
analysis of the distribution of means provided the observation that the concept
of a sustainable product from the perspective of its defining features is
relatively little differentiated in terms of significance. When analysing the
determined means, it can be noticed that the legal form, age of the respondent,
and length of service in the industry do not significantly differentiate the
assessment of the importance of individual features. In fact, in most of the
components analysed and relating to subsequent features, differences between
the means did not occur or were at a very low level. Therefore, the vast
majority of proposals in this approach were important. No major differences
were observed in the perception of these elements as regards the legal form,
age of the respondent, experience in the industry or their experience in the
current company. However, some differences in the perception of the importance
of features were noticed in terms of the nature of production organization and
the size of the enterprise. Enterprises producing original parts that are used
mainly for the so-called first assembly (OE — Original Equipment) rate
features directly related to the environmental dimension higher. In the case of
enterprises whose products are manufactured on the same production line as
spare parts, a slightly lower level of significance was noted. A high rating
characterizes companies whose parts have appropriate certificates but are not
delivered for the first assembly. What is noteworthy is the lower rating from
the perspective of manufacturers, for whom uncertified substitutes are the
basis for their operation. It can therefore be assumed that EU formal
requirements, determined by relevant regulations, influence the level of
perception of the features of a sustainable product. Moreover, with regard to
the size of employment, it should be noted that as the size of the enterprise
increases, so does the level of significance of features defined from the
environmental perspective.
The analysis of the evaluation of the characteristics
of a sustainable product in the agricultural machinery sector (parts and
components of technical means of agricultural transport) from the point of view
of comparing the average value did not offer clear indications regarding the
level of their implementation. For this reason – and in order to be more
specific – it should be attempted to isolate and assess the importance of
the most important factors determining a sustainable product
using factor analysis. Determining these factors will result in the creation of
a group of recommended features, which will allow for a more detailed
definition of a sustainable product, i.e. parts and technical components of
agricultural transport means.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The
developed proprietary profile of sustainable product’s features serves as
a starting point for improving the assortment database management processes. In
view of the research subject, the developed assessment model can be used when
improving the product portfolio of enterprises in the agricultural machinery
sector. Additionally, the model can be used to develop criteria for evaluating
products from other sectors. Knowledge of the differences between the benchmark
and the current level of implementation of a given criterion can be used when
planning needs for improving the assortment offer and the products that
constitute it. People responsible for their development have specific
expectations regarding the desired product features, which is undoubtedly
necessary when creating development programs. This study describes the
procedures and tools enabling the identification of key features and the method
of defining them in relation to technical parts and components of agricultural
transport means. The above, according to the authors, contributes to partially
filling the lack of knowledge in this area.
The
authors recognize the need for further, even more in-depth research in the
selected area. The problems discussed in the study should constitute the
subject of subsequent investigations. In the authors' opinion, there is a need
to conduct further research on the determinants of a sustainable product,
especially since, as research shows, in the long term, sustainability and
durability may be dictated by completely different factors.
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Received 05.01.2024; accepted in
revised form 06.04.2024
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