Article citation information:
Macioszek, E.
Jurdana, I. Transport of goods on the example of a selected
section of transport in Poland. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series
Transport. 2023, 121,
127-140. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.121.9.
Elżbieta
MACIOSZEK[1],
Irena JURDANA[2]
TRANSPORT OF GOODS ON THE EXAMPLE OF A SELECTED SECTION OF TRANSPORT IN
POLAND
Summary. The article
presents the issue of the transport of goods in relation to sea transport. Sea
transport has been known to mankind for a long time. Currently, maritime
transport is not limited only to the transport of goods and/or passengers along
sea routes, which are carried out between seaports using appropriately adapted
means of transport. It is a branch of transport, which consists of a very good
knowledge of navigation, highly specialized staff, and a wide range of
containers for transporting various types of cargo, often requiring specialized
conditions. In addition, sea transport is perfectly combined with intermodal
transport, so that in the end, the transport process is the most beneficial for
all participants, i.e., the customers, sellers, distributors, and
manufacturers. The main purpose of the article was to present the volume of
goods transported in this branch of transport. The article, after introducing
the issue, presents the classification of sea vessels, refers to the market of
maritime transport services and its conditions for further development, and
analyzes the overall volume of goods transported in the seaports of Gdańsk
and Gdynia against the background of other Polish seaports in the years
2011-2021.
Keywords: sea
transport, transport, maritime transport services market
In general, transport means the movement of
people and goods using appropriate means of transport. Transport is divided
into road transport, rail transport, air transport, and sea transport.
Different means of transport can be distinguished (e.g., car, bicycle, tram,
passenger ship, plane, train, bus, etc.), forms of transport (e.g., public
transport, by bike, by private car, on foot, by boat, by plane, etc.), and
various transport functions (primary and secondary). There are many
classifications of transport due to the adopted criteria [19, 20, 23].
Water transport means the transport of
passengers and cargo using water vessels through waters, e.g., seas, oceans,
and rivers, from the source port to the destination port. Water transport is
further divided into sea transport (long and short) and inland waterway
transport. Despite the rapid development of other forms of transport and the
fact that water transport is not the fastest form of transport, it is still used
on a large scale (mainly due to relatively low transport expenses). Relatively
low transport expenses are one of the main advantages of this form of cargo
transport. In addition, the ships are characterized by a very high load
capacity, thanks to which it is possible to transport many more goods at one
time than using any other form of transport. The disadvantages of this form of
transport include mainly the long duration of the entire transport process,
which is much longer than in the case of other forms of transport. The
transport of goods by sea is carried out mainly by ships. Maritime transport is
divided into coastal, domestic, and international.
According to the regulation of the European
Union [9], a seaport is an area of land and water where there is such
infrastructure and equipment that allow for receiving ships, their loading and
unloading, storage of goods, collection and delivery of these goods, and
embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, crew, and other persons, as well
as any other infrastructure necessary in the port area. On the basis of various
definitions of a seaport available in the scientific literature, seaports can
be classified according to their geographical location and technical functions,
i.e., a port should consist of appropriate infrastructure, technology, and
labor resources. A seaport performs specific transport functions in terms of
passengers and goods [11, 22, 27].
Currently, seaports have greatly developed
their importance, which is why a seaport should be perceived not only as a
transport or geographical element but also as a logistic, economic,
administrative, and social factor that provides integrated logistics services.
Due to the importance given to them, seaports must constantly develop [14, 26].
The condition for a properly functioning port is a constantly improved IT and
telecommunications system. In order to increase their efficiency and
effectiveness, seaports decide to build logistics and distribution centers as a
separate unit because it is a determinant of logistics competitiveness and
market position [30]. Their task is to collect, analyze and transfer
information about loads and means of transport, thanks to which they can
efficiently manage the logistics transport chain [2, 21]. Seaports are also an
integral hub connecting many different companies in land and sea transport.
They serve as the points of sending and receiving cargo, and larger ports,
which are an important part of coastal areas and port cities, are the whole of
the complex production mechanism. In addition, seaports are characterized by
complexity based on the international flow of goods and diversified industrial
and commercial activities [6, 16, 28].
The main purpose of the article was to present the volume
of transport of goods in this branch of transport. The article, after
introducing the issue, presents the classification of sea vessels, refers to
the market of maritime transport services and its conditions for further
development, and analyzes the overall volume of goods transported in the
seaports of Gdańsk and Gdynia against the background of other Polish
seaports in the years 2011-2021.
2. SEA-SHIP CLASSIFICATION
According to [13, 15]
sea transport ships in general can be classified as:
- cargo ships:
·
for
the transport of dry cargo (general and bulk carriers),
·
for
the transport of bulk liquid and dry cargo,
·
for
the transport of liquid cargo (tankers): for the transport of oil, chemical
tankers and gas tankers,
- passenger ships:
·
passenger
liners,
·
excursion,
·
passenger
ferries,
·
car
and passenger ferries,
- passenger-cargo and
cargo-passenger ships:
·
universal,
conventional passenger and cargo ships,
·
passenger
and cargo ferries.
There are many different
types of ships that are designed to transport certain types of cargo. Ships may
also be classified by ship type as: gas carriers, oil and product carriers,
chemical carriers, other tankers, combined bulk carriers, bulk carriers,
self-discharging bulk carriers, other bulk carriers, passenger and general
cargo carriers, general cargo carriers, container carriers, refrigerated
carriers, timber carriers, ro-ro general cargo carriers, ro-ro passenger cargo
ships, passenger ships, cruise ships, other dry cargo ships, vessels for
various activities, fishing vessels, other fishing vessels, offshore supply
ships, other offshore ships, pushers and tugboats, dredgers, research vessels
and others, e.g. transport of one specific liquid cargo (e.g. juice, wine,
water, oils, etc.). The most numerous groups of vessels are tankers, fishing
catching vessels, pushers and tugboats, general cargo vessels.
Container ships are
ships equipped with guides, intended for transporting containers in which
loading and unloading takes place vertically. Bulk carriers are ships designed
to transport goods without packaging. These goods are placed in a specially
separated hold, thanks to which a large amount of cargo can be transported.
Bulk carriers mainly transport dry cargo in bulk, such as ore, coal, grain,
etc. They are also used to transport semi-bulk goods, such as packaged wood,
sheets, rails, rolls of paper, and even containers. General cargo - as the name
suggests - are used to transport general cargo, i.e. individual elements that
are placed in crates, barrels, and bags. Thanks to the appropriate design and advanced
technology, tankers (ship-tank) are used to transport chemical liquid
substances. They are most often associated with the transport of crude oil. In
turn, LNG carriers are used to transport gas in a volatile state. Refrigerated
vessels are used to transport perishable products, the transported goods are
placed in specially cooled holds. In addition to the fleet performing
commercial, tourist, passenger and service functions, military ships can also
be distinguished. Units of this type are used to perform military operations.
Examples of selected ship types are shown in Fig. 1.
|
a). Container ship coming from the Atlantic Ocean along the Tagus
River to the port of Lisbon (Portugal) |
b). Loading of container ships at the logistics center in Barcelona
(Spain) |
|
|
|
|
c). Dredger off the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy) |
d). Lumber ship on the Yangtze River (China) |
|
|
|
|
e). Tanker on the Yangtze River (China) |
f). Ship for the transport of bulk materials (e.g. sand) on the
Yangtze River (China) |
|
|
|
|
g). Chemical/Oil tanker na morzu północnym w Badstrand
Vlissingen (Holandia) |
h). Specialist
vessels for transporting barrels, Douro river, Porto (Portugal) |
|
|
|
|
i). Fishing vessels in the Atlantic Ocean, Essaouira (Morocco) |
j). Military ship off the coast of the island of Rhodes (Greece) |
|
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|
k). Yacht off the coast of Hydra Island (Greece) |
l). Passenger liner off the coast of the Aegean Sea (Greece) |
|
|
|
|
m). Passenger liner off the coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Spain) |
n). Passenger ship on the Yangtze River (China) |
|
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o). Water tram on the Vistula River, Warsaw (Poland) |
p). Tourist ship on the Yangtze River(China) |
|
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Fig 1. Examples of ships
performing various transport functions
Source: own photo
documentation
3. MARKET OF MARITIME TRANSPORT SERVICES AND ITS DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS
In the
scientific literature on the subject, a service is defined as any activity or
benefit offered by one party to another [25]. The basic features of services
include intangibility, impermanence, simultaneous production and consumption
processes, non-uniformity, and a lack of possibility to acquire ownership [7].
In addition to the listed features above, services should also have features
such as perishability, location, variety, and quality [8, 17]. The service
sector is a very diverse and extensive sector of the economy. Each type of
service, regardless of its purpose, should be precisely defined, depending on
the industry. Services are developing as fast as technologies or variously
emerging innovations related to various sectors of the economy. When purchasing
a specific service, the customer expects not only to satisfy his needs, but
also to receive additional benefits of the highest quality. The variety of
services results from the variety of buyers. For many people, an important
criterion will be the location and convenience of purchase, and for others, the
low price of the service. Due to its specific nature, the buyer has great
difficulty comparing the services available on the market. Such a situation influences
the consumer's perception of the services offered on the market as unequal
products [8, 18].
Using
the concept of the distribution of goods, proposed by P. Nelson, M.R. Darby and
E. Karni [7], in the classification of services, one can distinguish the
so-called trust products. In the case of this type of service, it is difficult
to assess the quality of the service even after its purchase, e.g., educational
services and experienced products. The quality of the sea freight service can
be assessed during or after the purchase of the service, so it counts as an
experienced product.
Seaports
are a link in maritime logistics, connecting various types of organizational
and technological activities, leading to the movement of cargo from the place
of production to the place of consumption. They are adapted to provide such
types of services as [1, 10, 24]:
- disposition services related to the
organization and planning of the transport of goods in land-sea relations,
- technical and executive services (active
services), which in turn are divided into three main categories: technical and
nautical services, which include activities such as towing, pilotage, mooring;
cargo services, including loading, quantity and quality control, reloading,
storage, unloading, distribution services, and others; and services related to
passengers, which include embarkation and disembarkation at port terminals,
- services related to various types of
facilitation and facilities (passive services), include activities related to
enabling the safe entry, stay and departure of the ship and cargo in the port,
as well as securing roads and the possibility of resuming transport in land-sea
relations, or even enabling the organization of comprehensive transport and
commercial services.
The quality
of the services provided is one of the most important factors of competitive
advantage. The general list of quality features of services and their measures
includes [1, 10]: massiveness, speed of service provision, availability,
reliability, pro-environmental character, safety, professionalism, and
completeness.
4. TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN THE SEA PORTS OF GDAŃSK
AND GDYNIA IN 2011-2021
The maritime potential of Poland is related to its direct access to the
Baltic Sea, where the length of the coastline reaches
According to the data presented by the Central Statistical Office in
Poland [4], cargo turnover, passenger traffic and the number of ships calling
at Polish seaports increased in the last year. In international transport, an
increase in cargo transported by the sea fleet by Polish carriers and an
increase in passenger transport were recorded. At the end of 2021, the maritime
transport fleet had fewer ships than a year ago, which resulted in a slight
decrease in their total deadweight and gross tonnage. The number of units in
the Polish fishing fleet has not changed, but their total gross tonnage and
engine power have increased. Cargo turnover in seaports in 2021 amounted to
96.7 million tonnes, i.e., 9.2% more than in 2020. An increase in turnover was
recorded in Świnoujście (by 13.7%), Gdańsk (by 11.0%), Gdynia
(by 7.2%) and Szczecin (by 3.4%), while a decrease was recorded in the port of
Police (by 16.1%). The volume of transshipments enables a precise assessment of
the position of given seaports on the competitive market. This is a feature
that proves the dynamics of economic development. Depending on the economic
situation, the volume of cargo transport in the ports of Gdynia and Gdańsk
changes. Fig. 2 shows the total cargo turnover in the seaports of Gdynia and
Gdańsk, as well as in the seaports of Szczecin and Świnoujście
for comparison.
Fig. 2.
Cargo turnover in Polish seaports in 2011-2021
Source: own research based on data presented in Central
Statistical Office in Poland [5]
Based on the data
presented in Fig. 2, it can be concluded that the port of Gdańsk has by
far the highest turnover of goods compared to other Polish ports. In 2020, the
volume of this turnover reached over 45 million tonnes, which accounted for 48%
of the total cargo turnover this year in all ports in Poland. In other ports in
Poland, i.e., in Gdynia, Świnoujście and Szczecin, the volume of
transported cargo is definitely lower than in the port of Gdańsk,
but the annual growth trend of transported cargo is also visible. Comparing the
average value of transported cargo in the port of Gdańsk in the years 2011
to 2021, it can be stated that it increased by approximately 53.6%. The average
annual growth rate is 4.9%. The largest increase can be seen in 2019, compared
to the previous year, by as much as approximately 25%, i.e., 8.5 million
tonnes. In Gdynia, cargo turnover in the analyzed period increased by almost
72% with an average annual increase of 5.8%. The largest increase was in 2019,
which reached 2.5 million tonnes (13%). The turnover in this port decreased in
2016 (8.6%), and in 2019 by 2.7% compared to previous years. Summing up, it can
be said that both ports, the port in Gdańsk and the port in Gdynia,
increased the turnover of goods by over 50% in the analyzed period. This proves
the very good technological and logistical development of these ports. In this
way, these ports strengthened their competitive position in relation to other
ports, i.e., the port in Szczecin or the port in Świnoujście.
Fig. 3 shows the share
of individual ports in total cargo transport in seaports in Poland during the
analysis period. This figure confirms by far the largest share of the port of
Gdańsk in the transport of goods carried out in Polish ports.
According to the data
presented on the official website of the city of Gdańsk [29], in the first
three months of 2022, 14.802 million tons of cargo were handled in the port of
Gdańsk, which is an increase of 11.3% compared to the first quarter of
2021. This places the port of Gdańsk in second place among the ports on
the Baltic Sea, after Ust Luga (Russia) with a volume of transshipment of 26.1
million tons, and ahead of two other Russian ports, such as Primorsk and Saint
Petersburg. The largest cargo group at the Port of Gdańsk is still general
cargo, which accounts for approximately 6 million tonnes (an increase of 2%
compared to 2021). In second place are liquid fuels, for which an increase of
25.7% was recorded, reaching a result of 5.7 million tonnes. There was also an
increase in the transport of coal, with over 1.6 million tons transhipped,
container transport (9% more), passenger transport (12.3% increase), and Ro-Ro
cargo transport (19.6% increase). In
Fig. 3.
Share of Polish seaports in the transport of goods in 2011-2021
Source: own research based on data presented at the
Central Statistical Office in Poland [5]
Taking into account the
types of transported cargo, it should be stated that in the analyzed period,
dry bulk cargo was the most transported (34%, including coal and coke 33%), as
well as liquid bulk cargo (25%, including crude oil 77%). In the transport of
goods, there is an equal and significant share of transport of goods in large
containers, self-propelled rolling containers, non-self-propelled rolling
containers, and the transport of other types of general cargo.
In the analyzed period,
the transport of liquid bulk goods dominated in Gdańsk (38%) (Fig. 4). In
2011, the volume of this transport amounted to 14.8 million tonnes, while in
subsequent years, fluctuations in the volume of transport of liquid bulk goods
can be observed. Ultimately, the level of turnover increased by 22%, reaching
almost 18 million tonnes. In turn, in the port of Gdynia, the same category of
goods remained at an average level of about 1.5 million tons of transport per
year. In 2017, there was significant progress in the transport of liquid bulk
goods compared to previous years (an increase of 132%). On the other hand, the
transport of dry bulk goods was definitely higher in the case of the port in
Gdynia than in the port in Gdańsk and amounted to 32% of the total
transported goods. The average volume of transported goods remained at 6.5
million per year, the largest increase was recorded in 2013 (which was an
increase compared to the previous year by approximately 20%).
|
a). |
|
|
|
b). |
|
|
Fig. 4.
Transport of liquid bulk cargo and dry bulk cargo in seaports
a). in Gdańsk; b). in Gdynia in 2011-2021
Source: own research based on data presented in Central
Statistical Office in Poland [5]
Considering the
directions of transported goods, it should be stated that in the case of both
seaports, transport to other European countries dominated. In the analyzed
period, in the case of the seaport in Gdańsk, transport to other European
countries amounted to 96.3 million tonnes, in the case of the port in Gdynia
56.3 million tonnes. The share of goods transported to the rest of the world
was as follows [5]:
- Asia - Gdańsk 16%, Gdynia 7%,
- Africa - Gdańsk 10%, Gdynia 5%,
- North America - Gdańsk 4%,
Gdynia 3%,
- Central and South America -
Gdańsk 3%, Gdynia 11%,
- Australia and Oceania - Gdańsk 3%; Gdynia 1%.
The modern maritime
economy is characterized by high-quality services, a high level of information
technology, and modern solutions. Undoubtedly, an efficient and constantly
improving logistics system as well as rich facilities in seaports in the form
of, among others, ships and navigation devices affect the appropriate level of
customer service, which in turn contributes to a higher competitive position on
the market. Fig. 5 shows the size of the sea transport fleet in 2021 (status as
of December 31, 2021).
Fig. 5.
Sea transport fleet in 2021 (status as of
December 31, 2021)
Source:
own research based on data presented at the
Central Statistical Office in Poland [4]
As shown in Fig. 5, the
largest group of ships for the analyzed ports in Poland in 2021 were
solid-cargo vessels (77%), followed by freight and passenger ferries (10%). The
share of other types of vessels was lower than 10%.
5. SUMMARY
The sea transport of
goods is the most economical type of transport. It allows the transport of
almost any types of goods, regardless of their size, type, and quantity. It is
distinguished from high-speed air transport by its low cost. However, a
significant difference is the time of the transport service, which is usually
counted in weeks (depending on the length of the transport route). The most
popular forms of sea transport are groupage transport (LCL - Less Container
Loading), and full container transport (FLC - Full Container Loading). Groupage
transport (LCL) allows to ship both a single item, e.g., a package, and 20
pallets. This transport is also carried out in sea containers, which perform
protective functions for the transported goods. Full container transport (FLC)
is used in the case of large orders, in which the amount of transported goods
is at the level of several tons and several dozen cubic meters.
Polish seaports
(Gdańsk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Świnoujście, Police) carry out both
domestic and international, passenger and cargo transport. In these ports, on
an international scale, stable unloading and loading can be observed,
maintaining a similar level in subsequent years. On the other hand, when
analyzing domestic turnover, a certain increase in landings and loadings is
also noticeable compared to previous years. In recent years, in Polish
seaports, in the case of international unloadings, the following dominated: dry
bulk, liquid bulk, crude oil, and large containers; and in the case of loading,
dry bulk, large containers, and liquid bulk cargo dominated. The share of other
exported cargo was less than 10%. On the other hand, in domestic traffic in
recent years, both in the case of unloadings and loadings, liquid bulk cargoes,
crude oil products, crude oil, dry bulk cargoes, and agricultural products
dominated. In addition, various types of containers, iron and steel products,
dry bulk, and crude oil were transported. However, the share of these loads in
the total number of transported goods on a national scale was small.
Acknowledgments: This publication is
supported by the Rector’s Pro-Quality Grant, Silesian University of
Technology grant number 12/040/RGJ23/0054 and Silesian University of Technology
grant number BK-264/RT4/2023, 12/040/BK_23/0052.
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Received 15.06.2023; accepted in
revised form 12.09.2023
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[2] Faculty of Maritime Studies,