Article citation information:
Macioszek, E.,
Ahac, S. Analysis of the transport volume of passengers and
cargo on the example of the Warsaw-Okęcie international airport
(Poland). Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport.
2023, 120, 151-164. ISSN: 0209-3324.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.120.10.
Elżbieta
MACIOSZEK[1],
Saša AHAC[2]
ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT VOLUME OF PASSENGERS AND CARGO ON THE EXAMPLE
OF THE WARSAW-OKĘCIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (POLAND)
Summary. Currently,
the branch of air transport is one of the most dynamically developing branches
of transport. Modern air transport systems provide relatively high quality of
services in terms of satisfaction, preferences, and tastes of potential
recipients, passengers, and freight operators. Air transport systems use highly
advanced technologies, equipment, infrastructure, and appropriate rules and
procedures in order to ensure the desired quality of services. The article
presents an analysis of the volume of passenger and cargo transport in air
transport on the example of the Warszawa Okęcie International Airport
(Poland). The analysis covered the years from 2011 to 2021. In addition, the
market of air services, and air connections with Warszawa Okęcie
International Airport were characterized.
Keywords: air
transport, air transport service market, transport, traffic engineering
1.
INTRODUCTION
According to [20], [24, 25, 26], the basic and indisputably most
important objective of the functioning of each airport is to guarantee the safe
movement of aircraft in accordance with the flight schedule. The above
activities involve the provision of transport services for passengers, goods,
cargo, mail, etc. Hence, another, but already indirect feature of airports is
responding to the needs reported by the public regarding their willingness to
move from various points and transport goods. By making their infrastructure
and human resources available to other entities that deal with air transport,
airports allow indirectly to satisfy the desires and needs related to the
transport and transfer of people and goods.
At the airport, aircraft perform different types of flights. These are
[12], [16], [31]:
- a commercial flight which is
closely related to commercial transport,
- an international flight in which
the aircraft moves beyond the borders of the countries,
- a transit flight that takes place
within the airspace of the Republic of Poland, but the beginning and end of the
flight take place outside Poland,
- a long-haul flight, the duration
of which is more than eight hours over a specified single-leg distance.
On the other hand, air transport is a flight or a series of flights
where there is a specific remuneration and an agreement on the temporary
commissioning or taking into use of the aircraft and the transport of
passengers, goods, etc. Air transport can be divided into [5], [16], [34]:
- scheduled air transport, i.e.,
flights offered to the public for purchase, aircraft are designed to transport
passengers, luggage, goods, etc., transport is carried out according to a
published flight schedule at regular intervals with regular frequency and on
fixed routes,
- charter transport carried out on
the basis of an air charter agreement. In it, the carrier specifies the number
of seats available or the capacity of the aircraft. The lessee is the
charterer. The purpose of such a flight is to perform specific transport of
passengers, luggage, goods or mail.
The article presents an analysis of the volume of passenger and cargo
transport in air transport using the example of the Warszawa Okęcie
International Airport (Poland). The analysis covered the years 2011-
2.
THE AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES MARKET
The market
of air transport services takes into account the relationship between demand
and supply. It is a relationship where buyers aim to purchase an air service
and services are offered by sellers aiming to make trade. There are also units
of the competitive market here. According to [22, 23], [43], the air transport
services market can be defined as a place, process, space, situations,
mechanism, as well as a set of conditions in which air transport entities
operate. This particular market has a global character and is characterized by
heterogeneity, seasonality, dependence on external factors, and has an
innovative nature of the services provided, a high level of security, and above
all, a high quality of services provided. On the market of air transport
services, there are entities in the form of sellers and buyers. The following
criteria for classifying the aviation market are distinguished [7], [11], [22]:
- subject,
- subjective,
- spatial,
- organization of transport.
According to
[32], [35], [41] the main components of any market are demand, supply, and
price. With regard to the market for air transport services, it takes into
account these elements through the prism of the air services provided. In turn,
demand [15], [35], [38] is the amount of goods or services that consumers are
willing and able to buy at a given price and at a given time. The creation of
demand on the market for air transport services is influenced, among others, by
the price and such features as the travel needs to be reported by consumers of
air transport services, the number of passengers carried, the position of
competition on the market and the prices of services offered by competing
entities, the range of services offered, etc. [13], [22], [45].
The demand
for the good, which is the air transport service has, its elasticity (price and
income). Due to its inherent superiority, the demand for air transport is
characterized by high price elasticity [21], [44]. Supply on the market of air
transport services is the amount of air services that are offered for sale for
the potential time space within this market. In the concept of air transport,
it is the possibility of transferring people or cargo by transport companies at
a given time and their ability to guarantee places at different prices [18],
[22]. The last of the listed components of the market is the price, i.e., the
market value of a good or service expressed in money [33]. In terms of the
market for the provision of air transport services, it is tantamount to maintain
analogous goals of service providers and service recipients. It is required
that the elements of the market adapt to the prevailing environmental
conditions. Prices may be determined by the relationship between the buyer and
the seller. An additional variable that often affects the price is the services
offered by competitors and their variety [22].
The
formation of the air transport services market is also influenced by many
stimuli, including the operating model, the possibility of raising and investing
capital, as well as participation in various types of strategic analyses,
mergers, ventures, etc. [22], [37]. On the other hand, the seasonality factor
has the greatest impact on the passenger service market. Taking into account
different periods of time, e.g., week, month, year, etc., there are large
amplitudes in the transfer of passengers. Their highest rate is recorded in
summer, when the peak of the holiday season occurs [6], [22].
Market and
non-market phenomena also contribute to the impact on the market of air
transport services. Market factors are related to achieving the highest
possible competitive position on the market. On the other hand, non-market
phenomena are associated with changing weather and the impact of legal and
administrative authorities [22], [36], [39]. The main institutions regulating
the principles and laws of airport functioning and taking actions are:
- in Poland, the institution at the state level
is the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA),
- at the continental level, the European Union
(EU) is the regulatory institution,
- at the international level, regulations are
made by two main institutions: International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO), and International Air Transport Association (IATA).
The
above-mentioned organizations standardize and create rules that give the
appropriate character to the air transport services market. They define
relations and legal norms between buyers and sellers. All standards are
characterized by a control and intervention approach to the air services
offered [19], [22], [46].
3.
AIR CONNECTIONS TO AND FROM WARSAW
OKĘCIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
International Airport Fryderyk
Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie was put into use in 1934. According to the data
presented on the official website of the airport [42], the airport served
10,750 passengers in its first year of operation. In addition, before the
outbreak of World War II, the airport regularly operated connections to six
airports in the country, and to seventeen airports located outside Poland. The
history of the airport covers many different periods of time that have
influenced the way it operates. Historically, the airport has already served
both social and military functions.
In the years 1990-2000,
International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie underwent intensive
activities in the field of modernization of the airport and activities related
to the development of navigation systems supporting the operation of the
airport. As a result of these activities, the number of air operations
performed at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie has
significantly increased. In the following years of the 21st century, many
infrastructural investments and modernization of the airport were carried out.
These were mainly [42]:
- 2004 - 2010 - expansion of the "Etiuda" terminal,
- 2005 - modernization of the National Airport, official opening of the
VIP Aviation Terminal, which is dedicated to handling smaller business
aircraft,
- 2010 - unification of the names of the buildings previously referred
to as Terminals 1 and 2, which were given one common name "Terminal
A",
- 2011 - expansion of the piers with a central pier and completion of
the renovation of the southern pier. As a result of the modernization, a
panoramic hall was opened to passengers. It was possible to use eleven new
sleeves for passenger service,
- 2013 - 2015 - modernization works were carried out, as a result of
which a new communication system serving the airport was created, among others,
a railway line was brought to the airport, and a new observation deck was put
into use. In addition, a solar power plant has been installed on the roof of
the airport building, which allows for additional electricity.
International Airport Fryderyk
Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie is the main airport in Poland. It serves both
domestic flights as well as international and intercontinental ones.
International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie performs flights in
regular, charter and cargo air traffic. International Airport Fryderyk Chopin
in Warsaw Okęcie provides a significant number of passenger and cargo
transport services and provides connections with all major airports in Poland.
There are flights to and from the following other airports:
- International Airport in Cracow,
- Katowice International Airport,
- Rzeszow Airport,
- Wroclaw Airport,
- Poznan Airport,
- Zielona Góra Airport,
- Bydgoszcz International Airport,
- Szczecin Airport,
- Gdansk Airport,
- Lublin airport.
4.
AIR TRAFFIC AT INTERNATIONAL FREDERIC CHOPIN AIRPORT IN WARSAW IN NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IMPLEMENTED IN THE YEARS FROM 2011 TO 2021
Air traffic at each airport is
usually measured in three parameters per unit of time (usually a year or a
day). These are:
- the number of passengers transported,
- the number of total aircraft operations. The arrival and departure of
the aircraft are counted as one complete flight operation. Pax operations are
the arrivals and departures of passenger planes,
- the number of metric tons of transported goods (cargo).
The largest airports in the world
currently perform from just over 976,000 total aircraft operations per year to
just over 509,000 total aircraft operations per year. Currently, most air
operations are carried out at the Atlanta-Hartsfield-Jackson airport (USA). In
general, the first eleven airports with more than 500,000 total aircraft
operations per year are mainly airports located in the USA, and Paris-Roissy-Charles
de Gaulle Airport (France).
On the Fig. 1, data on the number of
passengers, passenger operations, and the number of cargo flights at
International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie in 2011-2021 for
domestic and international traffic have been presented. Based on data presented
in the Fig. 1, it can be concluded that both the volume of passenger transport
and cargo transport was growing in the period of analysis. A visible decrease
in both cases was recorded in 2020, i.e., during the Covid-19 pandemic around
the world. The decrease in the handled cargo transports was related to the
logistic paralysis resulting from the rigorous and still underdeveloped
restrictions related to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2021, there
was a renewed increase in the number of passengers transported, and a sharp
increase in the number of transported cargo.
In turn, Fig. 2 presents a
comparison of the quarterly volumes of the number of passengers served in
charter and regular domestic and international traffic at International Airport
Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie in 2018-2021. Analyzing the results, it
can be concluded that, with the exception of 2020, when the Covid-19 pandemic
had a strong impact on the reduction in the number of passengers transported,
both in domestic and international traffic, there is an increasing trend in the
number of passengers transported in individual years in each quarter. In 2021,
an increase in the number of passengers transported is visible compared to the
previous year, marked by the pandemic. In 2021, International Airport Fryderyk
Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie has already served 7,445,468 passengers in
domestic and international traffic.
|
a) |
|
|
|
b) |
|
|
Fig. 1. Domestic and international transport at International Airport
Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie in 2011-2021: a) The number of passengers
and the number of PAX operations, b) Amount of handled cargo on board [kg]
Source: Own research based on data
presented by the civil aviation authority in Poland [9]
In the Fig. 3, changes in the volume
of domestic passenger traffic and changes in the number of PAX operations in
regular and charter traffic at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw
Okęcie in the years 2011-2021 are presented. On the basis of Fig. 3a, it
can be stated that in 2017 there was a significant increase in the number of
passengers served, which amounted to over 2 million. In the following years,
2018 and 2019, despite a slight decrease, International Airport Fryderyk Chopin
in Warsaw Okęcie still served a significant number of passengers (over
1.75 million passengers/year). In 2020, and in 2021, the number of passengers
handled was slightly more than 600,000 passengers/year. In 2020, this decrease
was caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and, as can be see, in 2021 the number of
passengers served remained at a similar level as in 2020. As can be seen, the
Covid-19 pandemic had a significant impact on many sectors of the economy. The
air transport sector serving business travel and tourism was among those
branches of the economy that were the first to feel its direct negative
effects. The Covid-19 pandemic has led to massive travel disruptions and has
contributed to the cancellation of many flights.
Fig. 2. Number of passengers served in charter and regular domestic and
international traffic at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw
Okęcie in 2018-
Source: Own research based on data
presented by the Civil Aviation Authority in Poland [9]
Restoring the normal functioning of
air transport will be an important aspect of the EU's economic recovery after
the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in air transport. In turn, analyzing
the data in Fig. 3b, it can be stated that during the analysis period, the
number of PAX operations performed fluctuated. The maximum number of operations
was performed in 2017 (over 28,000). There was a significant decrease in the
years 2020 and 2021. The decrease in the number of transported passengers and
passenger transport operations visible in 2013-2015 was related to the
intensive work carried out in that period to modernize the International
Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie.
In the Fig.
|
a) |
|
|
|
b) |
|
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Fig. 3. Domestic transport at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in
Warsaw Okęcie in 2011-2021: a) The number of served passengers, b) The
number of PAX operations
Source: Own research based on data
presented by the Civil Aviation Authority in Poland [9]
Fig. 4. Number of passengers served in domestic charter and regular
traffic at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie in 2018-
Source: Own research based on data
presented by the Civil Aviation Authority in Poland [9]
5.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The article
presents an analysis of the volume of passenger traffic and transported cargo
at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie in the years
2011-2021. During the analysis period, the successful development of the
airport in terms of the number of passengers served, and passenger operations
in domestic and international traffic, clearly visible in 2011-2019, was
seriously disrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic, which saw a significant reduction
in the volume of passenger traffic and transported cargo. The impact of the
Covid-19 pandemic on passenger traffic and cargo transport was strong and
widespread worldwide, as confirmed by many published scientific papers [1-4],
[10], [17]. The initial, total ban on air traffic caused by the Covid-19 pandemic
primarily affected the results of the first and second quarters of 2020.
However, even after the pandemic eased, International Airport Fryderyk Chopin
in Warsaw Okęcie continued to struggle with severe air traffic
restrictions. While the volume of passenger traffic partially increased in the
holiday months (with a visible peak in August 2020), the second, much higher
wave of infections at the end of October 2020 had a very negative impact on the
level of interest in air transport in the last quarter of 2020. In the last
quarter of 2020, Polish airports recorded the number of passengers lower by 84%
than the number of passengers in the fourth quarter of
In 2020, the
number of passengers served on international flights decreased by 70.7%
compared to 2019. However, this is 3.8% more than the number of passengers
served at airports associated with ACI Europe. The number of air operations
decreased in this period by as much as 63.1%. As part of international regular
transport, 27.9 million passengers were transported less than in the
corresponding period of 2019, and almost 4 million passengers less as part of
charter transport.
In domestic
transport in 2020, the number of passengers transported decreased by 65.4%.
This is almost 2.6 million passengers less than in 2019. This result was 10.3%
worse than the result for airports associated with ACI Europe.
As part of
regular transport, in 2020 the number of passengers decreased by 69.5%, i.e.
almost 30.5 million passengers less than in 2019. Most passengers traveled on
routes to/from such countries as Great Britain, Germany and Italy. Among Polish
airports, the largest number of passengers in regular traffic was served by
Warsaw Chopin Airport (5.1 million passengers), followed by
Kraków-Balice airport (2.6 million passengers), and Gdańsk im. L.
Wałęsa airport (1.6 million passengers) [9].
In 2020, the
number of passengers in charter traffic decreased by 77.3%, i.e. over 4 million
passengers less than in 2019. The largest number of passengers traveled on
routes from/to such countries as Greece, Turkey and Egypt.
Among the
airports, the leaders in terms of the number of charter passengers served were:
International Airport Katowice in Pyrzowice (429,000), International Airport
Warszawa Okęcie (405,000 passengers), and Poznań-Ławica Airport
(133,000).
In 2020, at
International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie 101,000 tonnes of
air cargo were transported. This is 18.1% less than in 2019. This decrease is
mainly due to the decrease in the volume of flights of passenger planes, on
which a large part of the cargo handled by Polish airports is usually carried.
The number of cargo air operations in 2020 increased by 8.9% compared to 2019,
which shows that cargo traffic not only did not suffer because of Covid-19
pandemic, but even expanded due to the greater accessibility of airports, in
particular Warsaw Chopin Airport, which traditionally handles the most air
cargo in Poland. At the same time, on routes where cargo transport was carried
out on board passenger planes, transport capacity decreased due to air traffic
restrictions. Examples include flights to Qatar or the United Arab Emirates.
In 2019,
International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw Okęcie served 18,844,591
passengers in domestic and international passenger transport. In 2020, this
number decreased to 5,473,224 served passengers (a decrease by as much as
13,371,367 passengers). So far, the period of the Covid-19 pandemic has been
the worst period of operation for the International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in
Warsaw Okęcie. In contrast to passenger traffic, no such large losses were
recorded in the case of cargo transport. Cargo transport in 2019 amounted to
In the case
of cargo transport at International Airport Fryderyk Chopin in Warsaw
Okęcie, a decrease is visible in the years 2013-2015, which resulted from
modernization works carried out at the airport in that period (i.e., renovation
of the old part of Terminal A, construction of a new apron for cargo transport,
etc.). At that time, a railway station was connected to the airport, which
enabled a quick and efficient connection between the airport and the city
center.
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Received 20.11.2022; accepted in
revised form 20.01.2023
Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series
Transport is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License
[1] Faculty of Transport and
Aviation Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego
8 Street, 40-019 Katowice, Poland. Email: elzbieta.macioszek@polsl.pl. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-0022
[2] Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26
Street, 10-000 Zagreb, Croatia. Email: sasa.ahac@grad.unizg.hr.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-4053