Article citation information:
Khabiri, M.M.,
Ghafori Fard, Z., Nik Farjam, H. Investigation of the parameters of the
effective mixing design on bleeding asphalt and reducing the drivers’
safety in right lane of tropical roads. Scientific Journal of Silesian
University of Technology. Series Transport. 2023, 119, 19-35. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.119.2.
Mohamad Mehdi KHABIRI[1],
Zohreh GHAFORI FARD[2],
Hossein NIK FARJAM[3]
INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE EFFECTIVE MIXING DESIGN ON
BLEEDING ASPHALT AND REDUCING THE DRIVERS’ SAFETY IN RIGHT LANE OF
TROPICAL ROADS
Summary. Distresses
are integral parts of pavement that occur during the life of the road. Bitumen
distress is known as one of the most important problems of Iran's roads,
especially in tropical areas and transit routes with heavy axes; so,
identifying the effective factors in creating the bleeding phenomenon is very
necessary and important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the
parameters of the mixing design in creation of bleeding phenomenon and its
severity. The collected data were then analyzed and grouped using Design Expert
and SPSS software. The results show that all five parameters of optimal bitumen
percent, bitumen percent in asphalt mixture, void percent of Marshall Sample,
percent void and filler to bitumen ratio are effective on bitumen and its
intensity. Among the mentioned parameters, two parameters of percent of bitumen
compared to asphalt mixture and the void percent in the Marshall sample have a
greater effect on the severity of the bleeding phenomenon.
Keywords: bleeding,
data mining, right lane, tropical regions, mixing design parameters, safety
1. INTRODUCTION
Road accidents are undesirable and
unavoidable events that lead to the loss of capital and human life. On the
other hand, the high cost of traffic accidents has made investigating factors
affecting safety and ways to increase it to be one of the most important goals
of pavement engineers; because the conditions of the pavement and its damage
have a significant impact on causing accidents and as a result road safety [1].
On the other hand, the quality of
the works and the proper mixing design will play a significant role in
increasing the productivity of the roads, reducing periodic costs and
increasing the lifespan of the operation. Because if the pavement is not planned
and executed in a principled and correct way, the road will not withstand the
weather factors and the traffic of cars, and it will quickly be deteriorated,
which leads to the depreciation of the initial investment and the wastage of
national budgets [2-4]. In addition, the deterioration of the pavement will
increase other costs, such as the cost of restoration and improvement, as well
as the increase of indirect costs imposed on road users due to the bad
pavement. Pavement failures have also a significant impact on road accidents
and road safety [5-7]. Therefore, it can be said that knowing and predicting
possible failures and using methods in the mixing design to prevent it from
happening can be very cost-effective and useful in ensuring road safety and also
in the final cost of road construction [8].
Bituminous bleeding is the formation
of a thin layer of bituminous material on the surface of the pavement surface,
which results in a shiny, glassy and reflective surface. The main cause of
bitumen bleeding, which always occurs in hot weather and under the influence of
heavy vehicles, is the presence of an excessive amount of bitumen in the
asphalt mixture [9, 10]. In general, in various researches that have been
carried out on the deterioration of bleeding and also the organizations that
are responsible for the maintenance of roads, the basic mechanism related to
the deterioration of bitumen has been found to be due to the presence of excess
bitumen in the cavities between the particles of stone materials [11].
Bleeding, as one of the most
important pavement failures in tropical regions, is one of the factors of
reducing safety and increasing accidents, especially in rainy conditions, which
causes countless problems on the roads. Among these problems can be reduced
ride quality for users, reduced road safety and reduced slip resistance,
creating a shiny and glass-like and slippery surface especially in rainy
seasons, progressive deterioration of the road structure due to the change of
mixing in bituminous areas and the increase in road repair and maintenance
costs [12, 13]. Therefore, investigating and dealing with bitumen bleeding, and
its causes becomes especially important.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
As mentioned, bleeding is one of the
most important failures of asphalt pavement that occurs in tropical regions and
transit roads with heavy traffic load and has a significant impact on pavement
safety. Therefore, so far, many researches have been done in the field of
asphalt damage, including bleeding. Among these researches, we can mention
Sarvari's research. He stated that bleeding is one of the most important
problems and breakdowns of the roads of the country and Khuzestan province,
especially in the axes with heavy transit load, which strongly affects the
safety of the roads, identified the causes of bleeding in the axes of Khuzestan
province. In this research, sampling was done from bleeding areas and
non-bleeding areas adjacent to the bleeding areas from different axes. Then, by
collecting quality control information and using the results of the tests
conducted on bleeding and non-bleeding samples, the possible causes of bleeding
in the axes were determined. According to the results of this research, in
general, the factors causing tarnishing can be divided into three groups:
operational factors, theoretical factors, and environmental factors [12].
Also in 2018, Pouranian and Haddock,
in a study investigated the analytical-experimental mechanism of bleeding in
asphalt mixtures. This research is based on the distribution of air voids in
asphalt mixtures, and the distribution of voids was obtained using CT scan and
analysis of the resulting images before and after loading. The experiments
conducted in this research are in two main parts. In the first part, the preliminary
tests were conducted based on the bitumen extraction test that was performed
according to the ASTM-D2172 standard, which includes sample making, impact load
test, static load and bitumen extraction test. In the second part, the tests
were performed based on image analysis. After making the samples and their
initial CT scan, the dynamic loading test was performed by using UTM 5 kn
machine, under temperature conditions of 5, 25, 40 and 60 degrees Celsius. The
results of this research show that the asphalt mixture under loading with lower
frequency has more strain and less air percent. In fact, the pavements under
slow traffic of heavy trucks are more susceptible to bleeding damage due to the
reduction of air voids in the asphalt mixture [14]. In a study, Izdiar and
Mohammadzadeh Pudineh also investigated the effective factors in causing
bleeding in the Karaj asphalt project, stating that bleeding is one of the most
common failures of asphalt pavements. According to the results of this
research, non-observance of the proper conditions of bituminous coating on the
scraped surface and the heat of the air are the most important reasons for
bleeding in the asphalt project of Karaj city [15].
Although many studies have been
conducted in the field of bleeding, but few studies have been conducted
regarding the presentation of a mathematical model to predict the amount of
damage with the information of the asphalt mixing design. This is despite the
fact that the presentation of the mathematical model for checking failures has
been examined in many researches. Among these researches, we can mention the
research of Anderson, Christensen, and Bonaquist (2003), who presented a model
for asphalt rutting. They stated that rutting is one of the most important
failures of flexible coatings that require a significant amount of maintenance,
and presented a mathematical model to estimate the depth of the wheel rut. This
model is validated using ANN and GA and enables the evaluation of rutting
during the preparation of samples in the laboratory [16].
In another research, Wang et al. in
2018 presented a 3D finite element program capable of analyzing loads in real
weather conditions; this model uses the simple viscoelastic damage model
(S-VECD) to predict the fatigue life of asphalt pavement [17]. Also, Hu and
Qian investigated the failure prediction between the adhesion of aggregates and
asphalt mastic based on aggregate characteristics. They emphasized that the
separation of the interface between aggregates and asphalt mastic reduces the
strength of the asphalt mixture and causes failures such as cracks and grooves
in the asphalt coating. This study was conducted with the aim of quantifying
the effect of aggregate on the relationships and developing a method to predict
the reduction of adhesion between aggregates and asphalt mastic. At first, the
microstructural models of aggregate particles were reconstructed based on
computerized images (CT), and then the overall characteristics and energy
consumption during failure were determined by digital image processing and
numerical simulation, respectively. Dissipative degradation energy (DDE)
quantified the adhesion loss and a method using artificial neural network was
developed to provide the relationship between DDE and asphalt properties. The
results show that the effect of aggregate on asphalt deterioration can be
evaluated by several parameters of aggregate properties [18].
In addition, Moghaddas Nejad and
Mohiuddin investigated the mechanism of moisture failure in asphalt mixtures
using thermodynamic parameters and mixing design. They say that moisture
failure in asphalt mixtures is defined as the loss of strength and durability
caused by the presence of water; they presented a model for predicting humidity
sensitivity using thermodynamic parameters and mixing scheme. Based on the
presented model, it can be said that the parameters of the free energy of
cohesion, the free energy of bitumen-aggregate adhesion in dry conditions, the
ability to cover aggregate by bitumen, the specific surface area of aggregates
and the apparent thickness of the bitumen membrane on the aggregate surface
directly and the released energy of the system during the bare event becoming,
the percent of saturation and the permeability of the asphalt mixture have a significant
effect on the resistance of the asphalt mixture against moisture damage [8]. In
2021, Sun et al. conducted a study in this regard. They developed a deformation
prediction model by analyzing the effective factors, fitting the model
parameters and validating the model. The results of this research show that
this model can accurately express the contact sliding characteristics of
aggregates and predict the permanent deformation which is mainly caused by the
sliding deformation of aggregate particles, and it can be divided into three
stages of rapid growth, fluctuation and stability [19].
Also, in 2021, Majidi Fard et al.
presented a model for predicting the depth of rutting of asphalt mixture using
programming. This study presents a new model for predicting the deterioration
depth of asphalt mixtures using a machine learning technique called gene
expression programming (GEP) which is formulated based on typical influencing
variables such as bitumen high temperature (PG), mixture type, aggregate size,
aggregate grading, asphalt content and total recycled asphalt content. The
accuracy of the model was evaluated through a rigorous validation process. It
should be noted that this model is recommended for pre-design purposes or as a
tool for determining rut depth in asphalt mixtures [20]. Finally, in 2013, in a
research, Saad investigated the presentation of a mathematical model for
predicting the level of bituminization in tropical axes. He emphasized that the
prediction of asphalt bleeding is one of the most important issues in road
construction engineering, especially in tropical regions, and determining and
predicting the tarnishing model in asphalt concrete makes it easier to
understand the pavement failure mechanism and helps to design more economical and
resistant roads. In this research, an index based on the changes in the
thickness of the bitumen membrane during the construction, operation and
maintenance period has been discussed in order to estimate and predict bleeding
in the pavement. For this purpose, in this study, it is possible to predict the
behavior of asphalt mixture against the amount of bitumen used, gradding, ratio
of filler to effective bitumen, weather and traffic. The research was conducted in three stages.
Firstly, using ARC-GIS
software, Khuzestan province was divided into four climatic zones and finally
six axes: Serahi Haft Gol-Ahvaz, Hamidiyeh-Ahvaz, Bagh Malek-Izeh, Ahvaz-Shush,
Haft Gol-Bagh Malek and Abadan-Darkhoin were selected for sampling. Secondly,
after determining the axes, sampling was done from the points in the bleeding
and non-bleeding range. In this regard, in order to use the presented index, by
collecting information from the archives of the Road and Transport Department,
the status of the initial mixing design of the sampling site was examined. In
the third stage, using the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS),
bleeding was estimated. Paying careful attention to the results of this
modeling, it is determined that with the reduction of the ratio of filler to
effective bitumen, due to the increase of plasticity of the asphalt mixture,
the bleeding index increases. It was also observed that traffic and temperature
at a depth of 2 cm from the surface of the pavement have an in-phase effect on
the changes of bitumen membrane in asphalt mixture [21].
Also, in the field of detecting and
determining the amount of bleeding with the help of image processing, Ranjbar
et al. conducted research under the title of an image-based system for bleeding
pavement inspection. This program includes three main parts of detecting the
occurrence of bleeding, dividing the area of bleeding and classifying areas of
bleeding according to severity. To implement the proposed system, the model
based on deep learning and transfer method in the detection section and wavelet
transform is the main process in the segmentation section. Then, a decision
tree is built based on the extracted features for intensity-based
classification. The proposed system can show the index of bleeding based on the
density and severity of distress. The results show that in the sections of
diagnosis, division and classification based on severity, the average
performance indicators perform well with 98, 89 and 93%, respectively [22].
As mentioned, limited studies have been
presented regarding the numerical investigation and presentation of the
mathematical model of bitumen; therefore, the aim of this research is to
investigate the effect of mixing design parameters on the phenomenon of
bleeding and predicting it with the help of mixing design parameters and
presenting its mathematical model.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Ever since the aim of this
research is to investigate the effect of mixing design parameters on bleeding
and its severity and to provide a mathematical model to predict the phenomenon
of bleeding and its severity, the first step involved extracting the parameters
of the mixing design of the desired axes were extracted from the laboratory
sheets and also, the removal of bleeding damage was done in the field from the
same axes. Then Design Export and SPSS software were used to analyze the
collected data. Fig.1 briefly shows the method and steps of conducting the research. It should
be noted that in this research, bleeding in Bafq-Yazd axes, Yazd ring road in
Yazd province and three projects of industrial town, landscaping of Nain
industrial town, implementation of entrance and exit of Najafabad industrial
town and bleeding of roads in Kuhpayeh industrial town were evaluated.
3.1. Preparation of laboratory sheets and
determination of effective parameters in bleeding failure
The laboratory sheets of the selected axes were
prepared to check the parameters of the mixing design and then according to the
previous research, the parameters of the optimal bitumen percent, the percent
of bitumen compared to the asphalt mixture, the percent of void of the Marshall
sample, the volume percent of the void of stone materials and the ratio of
filler to bitumen as effective parameters were chosen due to the deterioration
of bleeding.
3.2. Field sampling
In order to determine the amount of
bleeding and its intensity, a field sampling of the selected routes was done.
Also, in order to determine the severity of the damage, experienced and
successful experts were also interviewed in the field of bleeding. The images
in Fig. 2 are samples of bleeding of selected routes.
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the research process
|
|
|
|
(A) |
(B) |
Fig. 2. The examples of the removal
of bleeding from the Bafaq-Yazd axes (A),
and Yazd ring road bleeding removal (B)
3.3. Determining the relationship between the amount
of bleeding and the parameters of the mixing design using the response surface
method and Design Expert software
The response surface methodology or
abbreviated RSM, which was introduced in 1951 by Box and Wilson, is a set of
statistical methods and applied mathematics for constructing experimental
models. The purpose of this method is to optimize the response (output
variable) that is affected by several independent variables (input variables)
and in each experiment, changes in the input variables are made in order to
determine the causes of changes in the response variable [23].
In this research, the response
surface method was used to determine the relationship between the amount of
bleeding and the parameters of the mixing design. For this purpose, Design
Expert software was used to perform statistical analysis and provide a
mathematical model between independent and dependent parameters. The
independent variables include optimal bitumen percent, bitumen percent compared
to asphalt mixture, Marshall sample void percent, volume percent of void of
stone materials and the ratio of filler to bitumen and dependent variables or
the response of the bleeding area of the road were considered.
3.4. Analyzing the effect of the parameters of the
mixing design on the void percent with data grouping in SPSS software
SPSS is the name of a computer
software, the first version of which was designed and published by "Norman
Nie" in 1968, and is widely used for statistical analysis. One of the
important and practical features of this software is decision tree drawing.
Decision trees are a powerful and popular tool used for both classification and
prediction. In fact, the decision tree is a method that uses a series of
special algorithms to classify data into separate categories in the form of a
tree [24-26]. In this research, Design Expert and SPSS software were used to
analyze the effects of the mixing design parameters on the percent of void and
to draw a decision tree in order to examine the projects in which there was no
bleeding and the parameter of void percent was considered as a dependent
variable and the parameters of bitumen percent compared to asphalt mixture,
optimal bitumen percent, void percent of stone materials (VMA), the ratio of
weight percent of filler to weight percent of bitumen were considered as
independent parameters.
4. RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. The parameters of the effective mixing design
in bleeding damage
In Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, the average parameters of the
void percent of asphalt, the void percent of stone materials, the percent of
bitumen used in the asphalt mixture and the ratio of filler to bitumen of
Bafq-Yazd axes, Yazd ring road in Yazd province and three projects of the
landscaping of the industrial town of Nain industrial town, the implementation
of the entrance and exit of Najafabad industrial town and the asphalt of the
roads of Kohpayeh industrial town are given. It should be noted that the average
percent of optimal bitumen in these projects is 1.4. It should be noted that no
bleeding was observed in the three projects of the industrial town.
4.2. Determining the relationship between the amount
of bleeding and the parameters of the mixing design using the response surface
method and Design Expert software
The changes in the amount of bleeding are
presented in Figure 5. It should be noted that the definition of bleeding in
this software is given according to Table 1.
Fig. 3. The average void percent of
asphalt and void percent of stone materials of the investigated projects
Fig. 4. The average percent of bitumen in asphalt and the ratio of bitumen
to filler in the studied projects
Tab. 1
Displaying the
amount of bleeding in
Design Expert software
|
Bleeding
intensity |
Display in
Design Expert software |
|
No bleeding |
0 |
|
Little
bleeding |
1 |
|
Moderate
bleeding |
2 |
|
Severe
bleeding |
3 |
|
|
|
|
(A) |
(B) |
|
|
|
|
(C) |
(D) |
Fig. 5.
Diagrams of the effect of the void percent and the ratio of bitumen to asphalt
mixture on the bleeding level of Bafq-Yazd axes (A), the effect of the void
percent and the percent of optimal bitumen on the Bafq-Yazd axes (B), the
effect of the void percent and the void percent of stone materials in Bafq-Yazd
axes (C), the effect of the void percent and the weight percent of filler on
the weight percent of the bitumen of the Bafq-Yazd axes (D)
As can be seen from the diagrams in
Figures 6 and 7, the ratio parameter of bitumen to asphalt mixture is the most
effective factor in the amount of bleeding; in fact, it can be said that the
amount of bitumen in the asphalt mixture, which is also effective on the void
percent in the asphalt mixture, is the determining factor for the amount of
bleeding; so, the more the amount of bitumen in the asphalt mixture is higher
than the optimal bitumen amount, the more likely it is to cause bleeding. Of
course, this does not mean that other parameters do not have an effect on the
amount of bleeding, because as it is clear from the diagrams, the probability
of bleeding and its intensity increases with the decrease of the void percent
of asphalt mixture and the void percent of stone materials; however, according
to the diagrams, with the increase in the ratio of the weight percent of filler
to the weight percent of bitumen, due to the increase in the amount of filler
and as a result, the decrease in the void percent stone void, the probability
of bleeding and its severity increases, which is consistent with the results of
the research of Brown et al. [27].
|
|
|
|
(A) |
(B) |
|
|
|
|
(C) |
|
Fig. 6. Diagrams of the effect of
the void percent and the ratio of bitumen to asphalt mixture on the amount of
bleeding in Yazd ring road (A), the effect of the void percent and the void
percent of stone materials in Yazd ring road (B), the effect of the void
percent and the weight percent of filler on the weight percent of bitumen in
Yazd ring road (C)
Since the void percent is the most
important parameter in the bleeding phenomenon, the influence of the parameter
of the void percent on the amount of bleeding will be investigated in the
following. Figure 8 shows the diagrams related to the void percent and the
amount of bleeding.
Using the Design Expert software,
the relationship between the parameter of void percent and the amount of
bleeding for the Bafq-Yazd axes is presented in relation 1 and for the Yazd
ring road in relation 2. In relations 1 and 2, Bleeding and void express the
intensity of bleeding and the void percent, respectively.
|
|
(1) |
|
|
(2) |
As it is clear from Fig. 7 and
relations 1 and 2, the bleeding phenomenon is strongly influenced by the void
and there is an inverse relationship between the void percent parameter and the
bleeding phenomenon; this means that by reducing the void percent, the
possibility of bleeding phenomenon and its severity increases and vice versa.
This is why it is emphasized in the asphalt mixing design that this amount
should be within the limit of 3 to 5 percent and try to avoid the minimum void
percent in the design due to the increase in the probability of the phenomenon
of bleeding and its severity.
|
|
|
|
(A) |
(B) |
Fig. 7. The amounts of
bleeding in terms of the void percent on the Bafq-Yazd axes (A), bleeding
according to the void percent in Yazd ring road (B)
4.3. Examining the samples of successful projects in
the absence of bleeding
In this section, the parameters of
the mixing design of the roads in which the bleeding phenomenon did not occur
are discussed. Since the void percent is the most important parameter on the
phenomenon of bleeding; in this step, the effect of the parameters of the
mixing design on the void percent is examined.
The results of the analysis with
Design Expert software show that the void percent is related to these four
parameters with relation 3. Fig. 8 also shows the ratio of the actual value of
the void percent and the values predicted by the model. In relation 3,
parameters of Void, BitperAsph, BitOpt, VMA, FillperBit respectively express
the percent of void, the percent of bitumen compared to the asphalt mixture,
the percent of optimal bitumen, the void percent of stone materials (VMA), the
ratio of the weight percent of filler to the weight percent of bitumen. Fig. 9
shows the effect of parameters of bitumen percent compared to asphalt mixture,
optimal bitumen percent, stone material void percent (VMA), ratio of weight
percent of filler to weight percent of bitumen on void percent.
|
(3) |
Void=-107.5-107.1*BitperAsph+69.13*BitOpt+19.66*
VMA +85.59*FillperBit+14.04*BitperAsph*BitOpt+3.35*BitperAsph*VMA-0.11* BitperAsph * FillperBit-7.57* BitOpt * VMA-15.77*
BitOpt * FillperBit-1.46* VMA * FillperBit |
Fig. 8. The ratio of the actual
value of the void percent values and the values predicted by the model
|
|
|
|
|
(A) |
(B) |
(C) |
Fig 9. The effect of different
parameters of the asphalt mixing design on the void percent; (A) the void
percent of stone materials and the percent of optimal bitumen, (B) the percent
of bitumen compared to the asphalt mixture and the void percent of stone
materials, (C) the void percent of stone materials and the weight percent of
filler weight percent of bitumen
As it can
be seen in Figure 9, with the increase in the percent of optimal bitumen and
the percent of bitumen compared to the asphalt mixture, the percent of void
decreases because with the increase of bitumen, the holes filled with bitumen
increase and finally the void percent decreases; meanwhile, compared to the
asphalt mixture, it has a significant effect on the void percent compared to
the optimal bitumen percent parameter. On the other hand, by increasing the
void percent of materials and the weight percent of filler to the weight
percent of bitumen, the void percent increases; meanwhile, the void percent of
materials has a significant effect on the void percent. By altering the
gradding and choosing a coarser gradding and then increasing the void percent
of stone materials, the void percent of the total asphalt will clearly
increase. On the other hand, by increasing the ratio of filler to bitumen, the
void percent increases with the amount of filler being constant and decreasing
the amount of bitumen.
Figure 10
shows the decision tree related to checking the effective parameters of the
void percent. Based on the drawn decision tree, the parameters of bitumen
percent compared to asphalt mixture, material void percent and filler weight
percent to bitumen weight percent are the most effective parameters on the
amount of bitumen; in this order, the void percent is divided into two groups
based on the percent of bitumen compared to the asphalt mixture, if this
parameter is less than 4.06, the percent of void is equal to 5.612 percent and if
this parameter is more than 4.06, the value of the percent of void is equal to
5.075%, which are divided into two groups based on the weight percent of filler
and the weight percent of bitumen; if this parameter is less than or equal to
1.18, the void percent is equal to 5.233, and if it is greater than 1.18, the
void percent is equal to 4.6. In the same way, this division continues based on
the void percent of stone materials.
5. CONCLUSION
This
research was conducted with the aim of investigating the parameters of the
mixing design in creating the phenomenon of bleeding and its severity. For this
purpose, the parameters of the effective mixing design in the bleeding
phenomenon were collected from laboratory sheets and investigated. The studied
area includes the Yazd-Bafq axes, the Yazd ring road, as well as the
landscaping projects of Nain town, the implementation of the entrance and exit
of Najafabad industrial town and the roads of Kohpayeh industrial town and the
amount of bleeding of these projects was determined by field sampling. Then,
the collected data was analyzed with the Design Expert and SPSS software. In
general, the results of this research are as follows:
Ø All five parameters are optimal bitumen percent,
bitumen percent compared to asphalt mixture, void percent Marshall's sample,
volume percent of void of stone materials and the ratio of filler to bitumen
are effective in creating bleeding phenomenon and its intensity. Among the
mentioned parameters, two parameters, the percent of bitumen compared to the
asphalt mixture and the void percent of the Marshall sample, have a greater
effect on the severity of the bleeding phenomenon.
Ø Also, the results show that several factors are
effective on the void percent of asphalt; among these factors, we can mention
the optimal bitumen percent, the percent of bitumen compared to the asphalt
mixture, the volume percent of the void of stone materials and the ratio of
filler to bitumen; but the results of this research show that the most
important parameter affecting the percent of void is the bitumen percent
parameter compared to the asphalt mixture.
Fig. 10. Grouping of
parameters of the effective mixing design on the void percent
Ø Regarding the void percent, it is recommended that the
percent of void be optimized in order to choose the optimal bitumen percent in
the Marshall mixing design in such a way that it takes into account the
environmental conditions of the project area. For example, in tropical regions,
with a proper engineering judgment, the percent of void should be closer to the
upper limit to avoid the phenomenon of bleeding.
Ø Since the design and implementation of many ways is
phased; in other words, at the beginning of the life of pavements, lining is
implemented and used as a top; therefore, even instead of 5% according to
technical standards, the maximum void can be 6% in the mixing design.
Ø Based on the results of this research, it is possible
to predict and prevent the occurrence of bleeding phenomenon in the stage of
mixing design; the absence of bleeding will also improve road safety and reduce
accidents.
Acknowledgement
This article is
extracted from the national research project, entitled “The causes of
bleeding in the roadway of most of the roads” based on the needs
assessment of the research priorities of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and
Trade in 2018. The number of this contract is 12261, dated May 22nd,
2021, with the Yazd Farsh Road Paving Company. The authors gratefully
acknowledge the financial support from the Iran Ministry of Industry, Mines and
Trade and Yazd University.
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Received 20.12.2022; accepted in
revised form 05.03.2023
Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series
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[1] Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yazd
University, University Blvd, Safayieh, P.O.Box: 8915818411, Yazd, Iran. Email: mkhabiri@yazd.ac.ir.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-7603
[2] Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yazd
University, University Blvd, Safayieh, P.O.Box: 8915818411, Yazd, Iran. Email:
zohreh.ghafori76@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9084-982X
[3] Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, P.O. Box: 11155-1639, Tehran, Iran.
Email: hossein.nik73@sharif.edu. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7515-1911