Article citation information:
Kurganov,
V., Gryaznov, M., Timofeev, E., Polyakova,
L. Key factors for reducing live poultry losses during transportation. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2021, 113,
115-131. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.113.9.
Valery Kurganov[1], Mikhail Gryaznov[2], Egor TIMOFEEV[3], Liliya Polyakova[4]
KEY FACTORS FOR REDUCING LIVE POULTRY LOSSES DURING TRANSPORTATION
Summary. The results
of this study on the loss of live poultry at various stages of delivery from
the farm to the processing plant by road are given. A factor analysis of the
reasons for the loss of livestock delivered from the farm to the processing
plant was carried out. The dependencies of livestock losses on loading delays
and the duration of the movement of the loaded poultry farm to the processing
plant were established. Methodological recommendations for rationing the number
of injuries observed during delivery were developed. The study of losses of
live birds during delivery to the processing plant from the density of stocking
in shipping boxes was carried out; the economic and mathematical model for
optimizing the landing of live birds in shipping boxes was proposed. The
calculation of the economic impact of the implementation of the results of the
study is given.
Keywords: road
transport, live poultry transportation, death and injury of livestock, shipping
boxes, poultry transport vehicle, industrial poultry
farming
1. INTRODUCTION
A substantial part
of the total mortality of live birds, which affects the efficiency of the
poultry processing company, without considering the losses from the spread of
infections, occurs at the stage of poultry transportation by road from the farm
to the processing plant. Delays in the delivery of poultry to slaughter lead to
an increase in their death and injury. There are losses from downtime or idle operation of slaughter and
processing lines, downtime of rolling stock, and a decrease in personnel
productivity.
This justifies the relevance of the
topic of this study, which is aimed at reducing losses in the cultivation and
processing of live poultry from delays in its delivery to the processing plant.
The purpose of this study is to develop effective logistics for the supply of
live poultry to processing plants, as well as to save production costs in the
technology of industrial poultry farming. The aim of the study is achieved by
the following tasks:
- factor analysis of the reasons for
the loss of poultry delivered from the farm to the processing plant;
-
establishing the dependence of the number of dead
livestock on delays during loading, on the duration of movement of a loaded
poultry truck to the processing plant;
-
rationing of livestock injuries observed during
delivery;
-
development of an economic and mathematical model for
optimizing the density of stocking live birds in shipping boxes;
-
calculation of the economic
effect from the implementation of research results.
The object of this
research is the process of delivery of live poultry by road from the farm to
the processing plant. While the subject of this research is the dependency of
the losses of the poultry stock transported to the slaughterhouse on the
parameters of the delivery process.
Modern scientific works contain
guidelines for determining the influence of factors of the transport process on
the safety of transported live birds. Among a large number of such studies, it
is necessary to mention the following works. Czech scientists have investigated
the factors influencing bird mortality, among which are: method of catching,
transport temperature, the density of poultry planting in transport packaging,
living weight, breed, and time spent in transit [14].
The influence of the transportation distance on the total loss of
chickens has been substantiated [1]. However, to ensure that the conclusions are correct, it would be
advisable to consider the dependence of bird mortality not only on the distance of
transportation but also on the time of movement, since the same distance can be
covered in a different amount of time. Similarly, it is important to consider environmental factors such as
ambient temperature.
Studies have been published on the
impact of stress on meat quality and the yield of marketed produce on birds
before slaughter, including during transport [2, 5, 9].
It is advisable to consider the recommendations for reducing the stress
experienced by birds during transport by following the guidelines for the
maintenance and raising of breeders [4].
The relationship between the
mortality rate of the poultry population and the organizational and
technological parameters of its transportation from the farm to the processing
plant has been established [3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15]. In
particular, the conditions affecting the bruising and mortality of broilers
during capture and transportation were studied, and the average percentage of
birds killed on arrival at the slaughterhouse was established. The mortality
rate during transportation of broilers from farms to processing plants was
investigated and the relationship between the season and the mortality rate of
transported poultry was established. Furthermore, it has been proved that the
difference in the value of the studied indicator for herds of maintenance
reaches 1.4 times. Czech and Italian experts have shown that a marked increase
in chicken mortality can be observed in short-distance transport during the
cold season [13].
Conservation problems associated
with the transport of chickens intended for commercial production of eggs,
slaughtered after their economically viable lives have been studied. The
mortality rate during the transportation of broilers, turkeys, ducks, and geese
to slaughter was investigated and the category of poultry most susceptible to
stress due to non-optimal transportation conditions was determined [7].
Studies conducted by the All-Russian
Poultry Research Institute have substantiated a model for the classification of
factors adversely affecting the quality of poultry meat during its production,
delivery, and processing. It has been established that failures in the
performance of technological operations of loading, transporting, and unloading
poultry during its transfer to the processing plant are some of the significant
factors. The method of cost estimation of losses is proposed. Based on the
proposed simulation model, the optimal combination of transport and
technological machines for the delivery of live birds for processing with floor
and cage rearing systems was determined.
Our review found a scientific interest in the issue of
the safety of transported live birds in the transport process, as well as a
high degree of sophistication of the issue. At the same time, there are still
unresolved issues related to the establishment of the dependence of the losses
of the livestock transported to slaughter on the duration of technological
delivery operations, the development of methods for economic and mathematical
optimization of the density of poultry stocking in shipping boxes for delivery
from the farm to the processing plant.
2. method of research and VERIFICATION
Theoretical studies
were carried out based on the analysis of scientific and regulatory technical
literature, systemic, statistical, factorial, technical, and economic analysis,
economic and mathematical modeling of the transport process. The analysis of
the scientific and regulatory literature has made it possible to establish the
depth of the problem of improving the efficiency of road transport of live
birds and formulate the objective of this study.
Experimental research in operating farm conditions using the methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, computer modeling, technical and economic analysis, and in situ observations was carried out. Using these research methods, the authors obtained a set of basic data necessary for calculations and developed an economic-mathematical model of optimization of the density of stocking live birds in shipping boxes.
Using computer modeling, the dependence of the number of dead
livestock on delays in loading, as well as on the duration of delivery to the
processing plant was established. The correctness of the established dependencies is ensured by the results
of the conducted factor analysis, which made it possible to determine the
reasons for the loss of live poultry delivered from the farm to the processing
plant and to reduce the complexity of the calculations. The adequacy of the
empirical dependencies obtained in the work is confirmed by the assessment
according to the Fisher criterion. The feasibility study made it possible to
calculate the economic impact and justify the practicability of implementing
the results of the study.
The reliability of the results obtained in the work is confirmed by the
validity of the assumptions made in the development of a mathematical model, by
the coincidence of the results of our theoretical and experimental studies with
the data of already published scientific works.
3. FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF LOSS OF LIVESTOCK DELIVERED FROM THE
FARM TO THE PROCESSING PLANT
According to the results of processing statistical data, it has been
established that, in absolute terms, 85% of total losses of poultry is caused
by a zootechnical flaw and veterinary factors.
However, the accumulated cost of keeping a livestock unit reaches the maximum
value (55%) during delivery to the processing plant due to delays in processing
operations (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Structure of the causes of total livestock losses by number of
heads (a),
and accumulated costs (b)
Consequently, given the accumulated costs, the
significance of the loss of livestock due to delays in delivery and the
performance of related technological operations increases significantly. The
reasons for these delays are shown in Figure 2. Among the factors that
determine the loss of poultry in the process of delivery to the processing
plant and the performance of related technological operations are highlighted
the following: mechanical stress, exposure to stress from the presence of
poultry in unusual conditions, ambient temperature, and stocking density in
transport boxes.
The distribution of the total number of reasons for
delay that determine the impact of a given factor is shown in Table 1. The
proportion of the causes was calculated as a percentage of the number of deaths
or injuries of poultry caused by the factor considered, to the total number of
livestock killed or injured during delivery and related operations. Table 2 shows the results of assessing the significance of the factors
under study.
Factors of
high relevance include transport box density, bird exposure to stress from
unfamiliar conditions, and ambient temperature. To carry
out further calculations, it is necessary to establish the quantitative
indicators of the factors under study.
The vulnerability of the bird to stress from being in unusual conditions is closely related to its health condition. A healthy bird is much more stable in coping with stress. In livestock production, one of the most objective indicators of the health of the livestock is its preservation. This indicator is the ratio:
|
|
(1) |
|
where |
|
Fig. 2. Reasons for delays in the delivery of live poultry and
delivery-related operations
Tab. 1
Distribution of factors affecting livestock losses in delivery and
delivery-related operations
|
Place in the
technological chain |
Factor influencing the loss
of livestock |
Share of reasons,
% |
|
Poultry farm |
Mechanical impact |
1,20 |
|
Exposure to stress from being in unfamiliar
conditions |
5,51 |
|
|
Ambient temperature |
0,26 |
|
|
The density of landing in transport boxes |
0,00 |
|
|
Delivery |
Mechanical impact |
1,19 |
|
Exposure to stress from being in unfamiliar
conditions |
24,55 |
|
|
Ambient temperature |
6,77 |
|
|
The density of landing in transport boxes |
31,94 |
|
The
reception area of the processing plant |
Mechanical impact |
0 |
|
Exposure to stress from being in unfamiliar
conditions |
0 |
|
|
Ambient temperature |
0 |
|
|
The density of landing in transport boxes |
28,58 |
|
|
Total |
100 |
|
Tab. 2
The significance of the investigated
factors
|
Factor influencing the loss
of livestock |
Size of reasons, % |
Factor significance |
|
Mechanical impact |
2,4 |
Low |
|
Exposure to stress from being in unfamiliar
conditions |
30,06 |
High |
|
Ambient temperature |
7,03 |
High |
|
The density of landing in transport boxes |
60,52 |
High |
|
Total |
100 |
- |
Livestock losses, including dead and injured birds during delivery, were determined based on the following safety factors: less 85%; 85-90%; 90-95%; more 95%.
The concept of effective
temperature, which is one of the bio-geological indices characterizing the
complex effect of the action of temperature and humidity of the air and wind
speed on a living organism, was used to account for the temperature of the
environment properly. The effective temperature calculation is based on the
empirical Steadman model [11]:
|
|
(2) |
|
where T – air temperature, 0С; P – partial water
vapor pressure, kPa; V – wind speed 10 m above ground, km/h. |
|
Livestock losses were set for effective temperature values within the range - 350 ... + 50°С with an interval of 50°С. The measure of the density of the poultry landing in unified transport boxes used in the proposed optimization economic-mathematical model is their filling with poultry in pieces.
4.
Modeling
Losses from delays in loading at the farm. The target was based on a
statistical analysis of the number of dead birds awaiting loading on the farm.
Based on the results of calculations for different
values of ρ the
dependencies were constructed (Figure 3).
The dependence of the number of dead livestock on delays in loading at
the farm was based on the following considerations. The minimum shipment time
in this data set was 7 hours and 10 minutes. This time, in addition to
installing transport boxes with poultry in the poultry carrier, includes the removing
of the cage floor from the growing cages, dropping the poultry onto a conveyor
belt to remove droppings, further moving the livestock to a mobile table, and
filling the transport boxes with poultry. This time was taken as the reporting
point, as the poultry was shipped immediately on that date. Providing that the
number of livestock shipped to the processing plant is the same across the
farms, the shipment of a longer duration is delayed. Using the equations of
exponential functions (Figure 3), the number of birds killed from delays during
loading is calculated at 15-minute intervals. The results of the calculation
are shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 3. Dependences of the number of dead livestock on the duration of
shipment of a batch
Fig. 4. Estimated
dependence of the number of dead livestock on delays
when loading on the farm
Using the established dependence, the damage caused to the farmed
livestock from the death of birds due to delays in loading is calculated. The
results of this calculation are given in relative terms in Table 3.
Tab. 3
Damage to livestock from delays in loading on the farm (cumulative), %
|
Delay interval,
min |
Value ρ, % |
|||
|
Less than 85 |
85 - 90 |
90 - 95 |
More than 95 |
|
|
0 - 15 |
0,008 |
0,005 |
0,003 |
0,002 |
|
15 - 30 |
0,018 |
0,011 |
0,006 |
0,003 |
|
30 - 45 |
0,028 |
0,018 |
0,010 |
0,005 |
|
45 - 60 |
0,041 |
0,025 |
0,014 |
0,007 |
|
60 - 75 |
0,054 |
0,033 |
0,018 |
0,009 |
|
75 - 90 |
0,070 |
0,042 |
0,022 |
0,011 |
|
90 - 105 |
0,089 |
0,052 |
0,027 |
0,013 |
|
105 - 120 |
0,109 |
0,063 |
0,032 |
0,015 |
|
120 - 135 |
0,133 |
0,076 |
0,037 |
0,017 |
|
135 - 150 |
0,191 |
0,106 |
0,049 |
0,022 |
|
150 - 165 |
0,227 |
0,124 |
0,056 |
0,025 |
|
165 - 180 |
0,267 |
0,144 |
0,063 |
0,027 |
|
180 - 195 |
0,267 |
0,144 |
0,063 |
0,027 |
|
195 - 210 |
0,313 |
0,166 |
0,070 |
0,030 |
As Table 3 shows, every 15 minutes of loading delays are added to the
total livestock losses of 0.002-0.024% depending on the vulnerability of the
poultry to stress, which is a significant loss over the year. The unloading of
poultry is the responsibility of the consignee and is outside the competence of
the carrier, so in this article, the damage to the livestock during the
unloading of the poultry at the processing plant was not investigated.
Losses due to delays in the movement of loaded
poultry farms. Based
on the available statistical information, a sample was drawn up containing data
on the duration of the processing operations of the poultry operators involved
in transporting live poultry from the farm to the processing plant. This
information was compared with data on the safety of livestock ρ by
farms, as well as with the values of the average daily temperature, air
humidity, and wind speed at the date of delivery, after which the effective
temperature was calculated. Further, by calculation, the dependences of the
number of poultry killed for a round trip on the duration of movement of a
loaded poultry carrier were obtained (Figure 5).
The analysis of the results
obtained made it possible to establish that for every 15 minutes a loaded
poultry vehicle spends on the way, an average of 0.08% is added to the total
loss of livestock.
The results of the statistical analysis did not establish a correlation between the number of livestock injured during the delivery to the processing plant and the influencing factors. Therefore, it is proposed that the number of injured birds per shift flight be normalized according to the formula:
|
|
(3) |
|
where |
|
The coefficient of
unevenness is calculated by the formula:
|
|
(4) |
|
where |
|
1) –(35-30)0С;
2) –(30-25)0С; 3)
–(25-20)0С; 4) –(20-15)0С;
5) –(15-10)0С; 6)
–(10-5)0С; 7) –(5-0)0С; 8) +(0-5)0С
Fig. 5.
Calculated dependences of the number of dead livestock per trip
on the duration of the movement of a loaded poultry carrier
Consequently, the
standard number of poultry stock injured upon delivery to slaughter is
determined by the equality:
|
|
(5) |
Figure
6 shows the results of the rationing.
Fig. 6.
An example of rationing of
injured live birds per flight
upon delivery to the processing plant
Based on
, the damage caused by the injury to the birds
during its delivery to the processing plant on a turnaround trip is normalized:
|
|
(6) |
|
where |
|
Using the standard value
, as well as the diagrams shown in Figure 5, the damage to
the livestock from the death and injury of the birds during the delivery to the
processing plant is calculated. The results of this calculation for one round
trip of a poultry carrier are shown in Table 4.
Tab. 4
Livestock damage from death and injury to poultry in the process of delivery to the processing plant (for a round trip with a cumulative total), %
|
Тeffective., 0С |
Delivery time,
h |
||||
|
1,5 |
1,75 |
2 |
2,25 |
2,5 |
|
|
ρ less than 85% |
|||||
|
-(35-30) |
0,1139 |
0,2852 |
0,4713 |
0,7230 |
1,1457 |
|
-(30-25) |
0,0882 |
0,2165 |
0,3557 |
0,5441 |
0,8605 |
|
-(25-20) |
0,0785 |
0,1905 |
0,3120 |
0,4765 |
0,7527 |
|
-(20-15) |
0,0755 |
0,1823 |
0,2983 |
0,4552 |
0,7187 |
|
-(15-10) |
0,0739 |
0,1782 |
0,2914 |
0,4446 |
0,7018 |
|
-(10-5) |
0,0560 |
0,1301 |
0,2106 |
0,3195 |
0,5023 |
|
-(5-0) |
0,0461 |
0,1036 |
0,1661 |
0,2506 |
0,3925 |
|
-(0-5) |
0,0442 |
0,0985 |
0,1574 |
0,2372 |
0,3711 |
|
ρ = 85-90% |
|||||
|
-(35-30) |
0,0833 |
0,1679 |
0,1869 |
0,2111 |
0,2478 |
|
-(30-25) |
0,0652 |
0,1285 |
0,1427 |
0,1607 |
0,1881 |
|
-(25-20) |
0,0591 |
0,1150 |
0,1276 |
0,1436 |
0,1678 |
|
-(20-15) |
0,0535 |
0,1029 |
0,1140 |
0,1281 |
0,1495 |
|
-(15-10) |
0,0499 |
0,0949 |
0,1050 |
0,1178 |
0,1374 |
|
-(10-5) |
0,0428 |
0,0795 |
0,0877 |
0,0982 |
0,1141 |
|
-(5-0) |
0,0394 |
0,0719 |
0,0792 |
0,0885 |
0,1026 |
|
-(0-5) |
0,0317 |
0,0551 |
0,0604 |
0,0671 |
0,0772 |
|
ρ = 90-95% |
|||||
|
-(35-30) |
0,0608 |
0,1249 |
0,1418 |
0,1814 |
0,2561 |
|
-(30-25) |
0,0417 |
0,0807 |
0,0910 |
0,1151 |
0,1606 |
|
-(25-20) |
0,0379 |
0,0719 |
0,0809 |
0,1020 |
0,1417 |
|
-(20-15) |
0,0421 |
0,0817 |
0,0921 |
0,1166 |
0,1627 |
|
-(15-10) |
0,0361 |
0,0678 |
0,0762 |
0,0958 |
0,1328 |
|
-(10-5) |
0,0291 |
0,0516 |
0,0576 |
0,0715 |
0,0978 |
|
-(5-0) |
0,0252 |
0,0427 |
0,0474 |
0,0582 |
0,0785 |
|
-(0-5) |
0,0245 |
0,0410 |
0,0454 |
0,0556 |
0,0748 |
|
ρ more than 95% |
|||||
|
-(35-30) |
0,0268 |
0,0477 |
0,0582 |
0,0716 |
0,0964 |
|
-(30-25) |
0,0255 |
0,0447 |
0,0543 |
0,0665 |
0,0893 |
|
-(25-20) |
0,0238 |
0,0406 |
0,0491 |
0,0598 |
0,0798 |
|
-(20-15) |
0,0217 |
0,0354 |
0,0423 |
0,0511 |
0,0675 |
|
-(15-10) |
0,0193 |
0,0296 |
0,0348 |
0,0414 |
0,0537 |
|
-(10-5) |
0,0185 |
0,0277 |
0,0324 |
0,0383 |
0,0493 |
|
-(5-0) |
0,0189 |
0,0288 |
0,0338 |
0,0401 |
0,0519 |
|
-(0-5) |
0,0178 |
0,0262 |
0,0304 |
0,0357 |
0,0457 |
For the convenience of operational planning, it is recommended to calculate the ratio of the number of dead and injured poultry in the process of delivery to the processing plant, considering the changes in influencing factors.
Losses from suboptimal stocking density of birds in
transport boxes. In the course of field observations of the transportation of
livestock, a hypothesis about the presence of an optimal density of stocking of
birds in transport boxes, which determines the minimum losses, was proposed.
The hypothesis required experimental confirmation.
The
experiment was conducted on a working farm and included the following steps.
The containers carried by the pilot poultry carrier were loaded with transport
boxes with different densities of poultry stocking. At the end of the working
day, the loss of livestock in each container was recorded. Based on the data
obtained, a diagram was built (Figure 7).
Fig. 7. The number of birds
killed in the process of delivery to the processing plant of livestock at
different stocking densities in shipping boxes
According to the graph,
we can see that the stocking size at which the number of dead birds is minimal
is 27. This confirms the proposed hypothesis.
We calculated the
optimal stocking density based on the proposed mathematical and economic model,
whose optimization criterion is the minimum of losses, including the cost of
the livestock that died in the process of delivery to the processing plant Сdeath and the losses from the processing
and sale of traumatized poultry Ltrauma:
|
|
(7) |
The value of Сdeath is determined by the formula:
|
|
(8) |
|
where |
|
The value of Ltrauma
is determined by the formula:
|
|
(9) |
|
where |
|
The productivity of a poultry carrier is directly proportional to the
density of stocking of birds in transport boxes; therefore, to master the
planned volume of transportation, with different stocking densities, a
different number of return flights will be required:
|
|
(10) |
|
where |
|
The system of
restrictions of the proposed economic and mathematical model considers the
following conditions. The stocking density of the poultry should correspond to
the carrying capacity of containers for placing shipping boxes and the carrying
capacity of the poultry carrier. A poultry carrier arriving for unloading
should be provided with a set of reusable containers to avoid downtime while
waiting for the end of the suspension of a batch of poultry, subsequent
washing, and disinfection of empty shipping boxes and containers. The duration
of the work of the poultry carrier on the route should not exceed its time in
the order, noting the driver's lunch break and the margin of time for zero
mileage. The system of restrictions has the following form:
|
|
(11) |
|
where |
|
5. REDUCED COSTS DUE TO REDUCED LOSS OF POULTRY DURING TRANSPORT
The calculation of the
economic effect is based on the difference between the total economic loss from
the delays in the delivery process before and after the implementation of the
proposed recommendations. Losses before the implementation of the proposed
recommendations were analyzed in the case of the slaughter of one of the
largest agricultural holdings in the Russian Federation during the first
quarter of 2019. The choice of the analyzed period was determined by the
availability of statistical information.
The
losses of the livestock delivered to the processing plant after the
implementation of the proposed recommendations were determined for the same
delivery conditions as under the existing option. However, it considered the
optimization of landing poultry in shipping boxes, as well as a decrease in
delivery delays by 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, due to the development of the
management of the agricultural holding operational measures to reduce these
delays within the limits of their competence. The annual economic effect was
calculated in rubles, noting the cost of poultry meat on the domestic market of
the Russian Federation and transferred at the current exchange rate at the
beginning of the current year into US dollars. The calculation results are
shown in the form of a diagram in Figure 8.
Fig. 8. Annual
economic effect on reporting periods
Significant
savings in production costs are provided by measures aimed at a relatively
small reduction in delays in the delivery process (up to 5-10%). The
development of such activities is based on organizational decisions to
transform and coordinate business processes and requires no special training
from the management of the agricultural holding, and does not need a large
resource supply and investment in the main production from the owner of the
food business.
6.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research
carried out, it is proposed to solve the current scientific and practical
problem of reducing losses in the cultivation and processing of live poultry
from delays in its delivery to the processing plant. The main findings and results of the research
are as follows:
1. In absolute
terms, zootechnical flaws and veterinary factors
account for the main losses of the number of poultry grown, 40 and 45%,
respectively. Taking into account the accumulated maintenance costs, the
significance of the reasons for the loss of livestock in the process of its delivery
to the processing plant and further processing increases significantly, since
the value of the poultry at this stage is maximum.
2.
Key factors influencing livestock losses from the
farm to the processing plant include transport density (60.52%), exposure to
stress (30.06%), and ambient temperature (7.03%). Quantitative measures of the
factors studied in this work were chosen for the following:
- for the susceptibility
of birds to stress from being in unfamiliar conditions – the safety of the livestock, determined
by the ratio of the difference between the sizes of the livestock populated and
culled before the slaughter to the size of the populated livestock
(percentage);
- for ambient temperature
– an effective temperature which additionally considers the influence
of air humidity and wind speed (degrees Celsius);
- for the density of
poultry stocking in unified transport boxes – their filling with the
transported poultry (pieces).
3. The number of dead birds was found to be
directly proportional to the delays in loading at the farm. The resulting
dependence is represented by four nonlinear calculated curves for each
considered value of the livestock safety.
4.
By calculation, the dependences of the number of
dead livestock per trip on the duration of
the movement of a loaded poultry
carrier, depending on the safety of the transported livestock and the effective
temperature, were obtained. The analysis of the results revealed that every 15 minutes that a loaded
poultry vehicle spends on the way adds an average of 0.08% to the total loss of
livestock.
5. The results of
the statistical analysis did not allow establishing a correlation between the
number of livestock injured during the delivery to the processing plant and the
influencing factors. Therefore,
it is proposed that the desired parameter be normalized by the mathematical
expectation and the coefficient of the
unevenness of the number of injured birds per return trip when they are being
delivered to the processing plant.
6. In the course of in situ observations of
the transportation of poultry, a hypothesis was proposed about the presence of
an optimal stocking density in shipping boxes, which determines the minimum
losses of the transported livestock. Experimental
confirmation of this hypothesis provided the development of an economic and
mathematical model for optimizing the density of poultry stocking in shipping
boxes and was presented by:
- target function, whose
optimization criterion is the minimum loss from death and injury to the poultry
in the process of delivery to the processing plant;
- a system of restrictions
providing for the correspondence of the gross mass of the transported cargo to
the carrying capacity of transport containers and poultry carriers, the
availability of an additional set of returnable packaging, ensuring the ability
of drivers to carry out transportation tasks without violating the requirements
of labor legislation. The
calculations have proved the feasibility of a practical implementation of the research
results. The annual economic effect from the use of the proposed
recommendations for one farm varies in the range of 93 - 323 thousand USD due
to the optimization of the stocking of livestock in transport boxes and the
implementation of measures to reduce delivery delays.
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Received 23.09.2021; accepted in
revised form 11.11.2021
Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series
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