Article
citation information:
Macioszek, E. Oversize cargo transport
in road transport – problems and issues. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series
Transport. 2020, 108, 133-140.
ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2020.108.12.
Elżbieta MACIOSZEK[1]
OVERSIZE
CARGO TRANSPORT IN ROAD TRANSPORT
– PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
Summary. Transport of oversize cargo is a specific form of
transport service. Specialised equipment is required for its implementation,
while the number of people involved in the transport process itself is much
higher than in the case of classic road transport form. This paper presents the
problems related to permits and penalties that are used in the carriage of
oversize cargo and the problems of transport safety in relation to the
techniques of fixing oversize loads in road transport.
Keywords: transport, oversize cargo transport, permits
and penalties in transporting oversized cargo, cargo transport safety, cargo
securing techniques
1. INTRODUCTION
Over-standard cargo (oversized,
non-standard, over-metric) is distinguished by its non-standard weight, size
and shape that differs from standard loads. Special means of transport are
needed to move this type of cargo, as well as handling machines that can carry
the load. This form of transport requires special preparation as well as
attention to the manner of its implementation. The basic documents regulating
the carriage of oversized cargo in road transport are: Dz.U. 1986 no 27,
position 133 [21] and the regulation on vehicles performing pilotage [18].
In turn, the rules, guidelines and
other regulations regarding the transport of oversize cargo are regulated by
many other national legal acts, inter alia, Act on road transport [9], Act on
public roads [10], regulation on detailed conditions and procedure for issuing
permits for the passage of oversize vehicles [17], regulation on technical
conditions of vehicles and their necessary equipment [16], regulation on road traffic control [19],
regulation on road tolls [25], guidelines of the Road Transport Inspectorate
[29]. Guidelines for the carriage of oversized cargo have also been formulated
for air transport [12], sea transport [11], inland waterway transport [15] and
rail transport [20, 23]. On the other hand, the regulation of oversize cargo
transport in Europe is governed by Directive 2002/7/WE of the European
Parliament and the Council of Europe of 2002 [22].
In the scientific literature on the subject, can be found numerous, multi-faceted works devoted to the problem of oversize cargo transportation (including [2-5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 26-28].
This paper presents the problems
related to permits and penalties that are used in the carriage of oversize
cargo and the problems of transport safety in relation to the techniques of fixing
oversize loads in road transport.
2. PERMITS AND PENALTIES BROADCAST IN CARRIAGE
OF OVERSIZED CARGO TRANSPORT IN ROAD TRANSPORT
In order to carry
out the carriage of oversize cargo, a special permit must be obtained for
passage [6]. These permits are issued in seven categories. Licenses category I
and II are issued for divisible loads. The permits for categories III to VII
are issued for indivisible loads. According to the definition of undivided
cargo specified in Art. 2 point 35b of the Road Transport Act [9], an undivided
load is a load that without disproportionately high costs or the risk of damage
cannot be divided into two or more smaller loads. In practice, the following
types of permits issued for the carriage of oversize cargo are distinguished
[24]:
- category I permit - this type of
permit is issued to vehicles whose permissible total weight and dimensions do
not exceed the limit values and to vehicles whose axle loads do not exceed one
axle maximum of 11.5 tonnes. Permits of this category are issued by the road
administrator, after which the vehicle is covered for a period of six or twelve
months,
- category II permit - this type of
permit is issued to vehicles whose actual total weight, length and height do
not exceed the limit values. The axle loads are not greater than those
permitted for the specified road. Permits of this category are issued by the
staroste, within three days from the date of payment of the fee for the
submitted application for a period of twelve months,
- category III permit - this type of
permit is issued to vehicles whose axle loads and the actual total weight do
not exceed the permissible standards. In turn, the width does not exceed 15
metres, length 3.2 metres for a single vehicle, 23 metres length for a vehicle
combination and height up to 4.3 metres. Permits are issued by the staroste for
six, twelve or twenty-four months. If the cargo is transported outside of
Poland, consent from the customs office issued by the headman is also required,
- category IV permit - this type of
permit is issued for vehicles whose actual total weight does not exceed the
limit value, maximum length up to 15 metres for a single vehicle, up to 23
metres for a vehicle combination, width up to 3.4 metres, while the height does
not exceed 4.3 metres, the axle loads are not greater than 11.5 tonnes. Permits
of this category are issued by the General Director of National Roads and
Motorways (GDDKiA) for a period of six, twelve or twenty-four months. In the
case of transport outside Poland, it is required to obtain a permit for the
passage issued by the head of the customs office,
- category V permit - this type of
permit is issued to vehicles whose actual total weight and axle loads do not
exceed the permissible values. This applies to individual vehicles up to 4.3
metres high, up to 3.4 metres wide, up to 15 metres long. In the case of a
vehicle combination up to 23 metres. The permissible total weight does not
exceed 60 tonnes. Permits of this category are issued by the General Director
of National Roads and Motorways for a period of one, six, twelve or twenty-four
months. In the case of transport outside of Poland, it is required to obtain a
permit for the passage issued by the head of the customs office,
- category VI permit - this type of
permit is issued to vehicles whose width does not exceed 3.4 metres in the case
of a single carriageway and to 4.0 metres for a dual carriageway. The height
can be up to 4.3 metres, the weight does not exceed 60 tonnes and the pressure
of a single axle reaches less than 11.5 tonnes. The length does not exceed 15
metres for a single vehicle and 23 metres for a vehicle combination. Permits
are issued in the same way as those for category V vehicles, considering the permits for viaducts and
bridges,
- category VII permit - this type of
permit is issued for vehicles that do not fall within the limits of the given
standards for the aforementioned categories. In such cases, the permit may be
issued when the transported cargo is indivisible, it is possible to determine
the route with regard to road safety and the consent of the road administrator
has been obtained. Permits of this category are issued by GDDKiA within
fourteen days from the date of submitting the application. If it is necessary
to adapt the road infrastructure to the oversize cargo transport route, this
time may be extended to thirty days.
In the
transport of oversize cargo for non-compliance with the conditions of carriage
and irregularities in the carriage of goods, penalties are granted. In the law
on road traffic and the Act on public roads, the rules for sanctioning
exceedances regarding the permissible total weight, vehicle dimensions and axle
loads are indicated. For the passage of a non-normative vehicle without a
permit, or if the transit does not comply with strictly defined conditions, a
fine is imposed for the permit, through administrative decisions. The fine is
imposed on:
- the entity that performs the
journey,
- the entity that performs other
activities related to transport, namely, a shipper, forwarder, recipient,
sender or organiser of transport, if there are circumstances or evidence that
the entity has accepted or had an impact on the carriage of the transport
conditions.
Proceedings to impose fines may be
discontinued or not initiated if [6] the circumstances of the case and evidence
indicate that the entity has acted with due diligence in the performance of
activities related to the passage or the entity had no impact on the violation
or the real gross weight of the non-normative vehicle exceeds the permissible
size or the size specified in the permit, and the overrun applies only to the
axle load of the vehicle in the case of bulk and timber transport.
Administrative penalties were formulated on the basis of Art. 140a of the Road
Traffic Act. In Polish conditions, the financial penalty is set at [6]:
-
PLN 1,500 - for lack of category I and II licenses,
-
PLN 5,000 - for lack of category III and VI
licenses,
-
for lack of permit of a category VII, it is PLN 500
- when the pressure of one or more axles, the actual total weight or dimensions
of the vehicle exceed the permissible values by not more than 10% or 2,000 PLN
- when the pressure of one or more axles, the actual total weight or dimensions
vehicles exceed the permissible values by more than 10% and not more than 20%
or even 15,000 PLN - in other cases,
- PLN 5,000
- for a non-normative vehicle crossing a bridge or viaduct without a confirmed
notification of the road administrator, in connection with the permission of
categories V and VI,
-
PLN 3,000 - for a non-normative vehicle crossing a
bridge or viaduct contrary to the conditions set by the road administrator, in
connection with the permission of categories V and VI,
-
PLN 6,000 - for a non-normative vehicle crossing a
bridge or viaduct in the objection declared by the road administrator in
connection with the permission of categories V and VI,
- PLN 2,000
- for failure to meet the transit conditions specified for a category VII
permit or given in this document.
The entity
to which the financial penalty has been imposed may be appealed by a superior
body within fourteen days of receipt of the decision. This decision shall be
made thirty days after its receipt. The penalty is withheld when the complaint
is filed with the court. The obligation to pay a financial penalty expires
after five years from the end of the calendar year in which the penalty should
be paid.
3. SAFETY OF CARRIAGE AND WAYS TO LOADS
PROTECTION IN THE CARRIAGE OF OVERALL OVERSIZE CARGO TRANSPORT
Securing excessive cargo results from the need to immobilise
it during transportation by means of transporting in such a way that it remains in an
unaltered state of geometry, shape and dimension, that is, undamaged, it is moved
from the source place to its destination, thus not posing any threats to people and means of
transport. When attaching an oversize load to a given means of transport, there
are several important mandatory rules. First, people should be aware of the
fact that the load if incorrectly attached is a huge threat both for people who deal
directly with its transport as well as for outsiders who are close to the cargo
being carried. An improperly attached load may slip causing vehicle traffic
disruptions, which could result in injury or even lead to death in the course
of manoeuvres such as emergency braking or accident.
Proper placement of the load on the vehicle and its attachment has a big
influence on the driving. The rules for fixing oversize cargo are strictly
regulated by the European Commission guidelines [1]. Most of the conditions apply
directly to drivers of oversized vehicles who, as persons physically carrying
cargo to their destination, are directly exposed to hazards associated with the
transport. These rules are as follows [1]:
- before
loading, it is necessary to check the loading platform, the body, as well as
the devices used to attach the load and determine their efficiency,
- the
load must be secured in such a way that it will not be able to move as a result
of vibration, rolling or so it can not fall off the vehicle,
- the
fixing method must be determined, which is best adapted to the characteristics
of the load,
- check
that the recommendations issued by the vehicle manufacturers and the fastening
equipment are met,
- check
that the load securing attachment is suitable for the conditions that may be
encountered during transport. Braking in an emergency situation, violent turns
to avoid an obstacle, poor road and weather conditions should be treated as
normal elements of travel, which the fastening hardware must be able to withstand,
- before
transport begins while the load is being loaded or unloaded, it should be
checked for overload as well as incorrect weight distribution. The centre of
gravity of the entire load must be as close as possible to the longitudinal
axis,
- if it
is possible, the load securing should be checked systematically during
transport. The first inspection should be carried out after a few kilometres,
during a stop in a safe place. Other checks must be carried out after sudden
braking or other incidents while driving,
- if it
is possible to attach, use angle strips or non-slip mats,
- during
fastening, special care should be taken to ensure that the transported goods
are not affected,
- the
speed of an oversized vehicle must be adapted to the prevailing traffic and road
conditions so as to maintain smooth running. Then, the forces exerted by the
load will not exceed the permissible values and driving in such conditions
should be done without problems.
The basic ways of
fastening loads are: block fastening, locking, fixing by means of lashings that
fill the load from above, fixing by means of straight lashings and various
types of combinations of the abovementioned methods. The method of fixing must
guarantee resistance to the variability of weather conditions.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Constant
economic development, as well as the development of broadly understood
technologies, prompted the rise in the number of transported goods, including
cargoes, whose dimensions exceed specific standards. This paper presents the
problems related to permits and penalties that are used in the carriage of
oversize cargo and the problems of transport safety in relation to the
techniques of fixing oversize loads in road transport. Currently, information
on fines as well as rates of penalties related to irregularities in oversize
cargo transportation are presented in the Act on Public Roads.
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Received 05.02.2020; accepted in revised form 22.04.2020
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