Article
citation information:
Śliwińska, A. Operational
solutions aimed at safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2019, 105,
201-211. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2019.105.16.
Aleksandra ŚLIWIŃSKA[1]
OPERATIONAL
SOLUTIONS AIMED AT SAFEGUARDING CIVIL AVIATION AGAINST ACTS OF UNLAWFUL
INTERFERENCE
Summary. Improvement and increase of safeguarding civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference can be achieved at airports and
on board aircraft, through the implementation of appropriate systems and
devices. In addition to improving safeguarding civil aviation against such
acts, solutions described as operational may be used; these usually are
directly aimed at ensuring the safety and security of civil aviation. This
research focuses on operational solutions that are used for safeguarding civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference. As a clue, safeguarding civil
aviation is understood to be the whole organisational and legal, as well as
operational and technical framework, undertaken to prevent acts of unlawful
interference endangering the safety and security of civil aviation. The purpose
of this study was to characterise operational solutions affecting the provision
of civil aviation safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference. The
research question was defined thus: What are the existing and potential
operational solutions implemented at airports, and on board aircraft; do they
improve and increase safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference? As a hypothesis, it was assumed that there are many solutions,
devices, activities, etc. used to safeguard civil aviation against acts of
unlawful interference. All of them may be implemented within airports, on board
aircraft, as well as can be taken in the forms of the operational solutions.
Operational solutions are implemented through the provision and use of
personal, organisational and procedural forces and resources and through the
establishment of appropriate services. The existence and mutual correlations of
these elements have an impact on improving the safeguarding of civil aviation
against acts of unlawful interference.
Keywords: safeguarding, civil
aviation, acts of unlawful interference, security
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, safeguarding
civil aviation[2],
is increasingly undertaken mainly due to three factors that generate risk and
contribute to lowering or losing safety and security of aviation. To these
threats may be included the dynamic growth of air traffic in the airspace, the
need to ensure the highest level of technical reliability, need to minimise the risk of an incident, for example, a plane
crash, and to counteract and combat the most serious crimes against air
transport, defined as unlawful interference (which may also lead to incidents)
[2, 3, 6].
Regarding the Convention
on International Civil Aviation[3], the protection of
civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference is achieved using a
combination of human and material resources [1]. As assumed by B. Grenda and J. Nowak, safeguarding of civil aviation can
also be understood as a combination of all actions, methods and measures taken
in accordance with the regulations by the security service[4]
in order to ensure the security of air transport [4].
Prohibited acts
committed against, and directed against aircraft and air infrastructure are
defined in documents issued at the international level as “acts of
unlawful interference”. The definition of acts of unlawful interference
helps in the identification of all possible actions, related situations and
acts that may threaten the safety and security of civil aviation [5]. To these
deeds, among the others, may include [1]:
- unlawful seizure of
aircraft,
- destruction of an
aircraft in service,
- hostage-taking on board
aircraft or aerodromes,
- forcible intrusion on
board aircraft, at the airport or on the premises of an aeronautical facility,
- introduction on board
aircraft or at the airport of a weapon or hazardous device or material intended
for criminal purposes,
- use of an aircraft in
service for the purpose of causing death, serious bodily injury or damage to
property or the environment,
- provision of any false
information which may jeopardise the safety of an
aircraft (in flight or on the ground), of passengers, crew, ground personnel or
the general public, who are at the airport or on the premises of a civil
aviation facility.
2. OPERATIONAL SOLUTIONS AIMED AT
SAFEGUARDING CIVIL AVIATION AGAINST ACTS OF UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE
The airports’
managing authority is obliged to ensure safety at the highest possible level at
the airports. In order to prevent the commitment of acts of unlawful
interference, various operational methods are applied on the premises of the
airport’s facilities. Most often, it is achieved by the employment of
appropriate services and the implementation of advanced equipment to provide
safety and security. In order to ensure effective protection, interoperability
and coordination of activities, as well as proper information flow between
departments, which are focused on providing and ensuring security at airports
should be provided. Although the president of the Polish Civil Aviation
Authority supervises the activity of air carriers, airport management
authorities and other entities, which are in the civil aviation business, the
airports’ managing authority is responsible for the proper functioning of
the airport, its management, and observance of its security rules. It is their
job to undertake all preventive actions, determine the behaviours
and activities permitted in the whole managed area of the airport [11]. They
are obliged to create a list of prohibitions, orders and duties at the
airports, as well as publish the Airports Operation Manual and the Statute of
the given facility. Pursuant to the Rozporządzenie
Ministra transportu, budownictwa i gospodarki morskiej z dnia 31 lipca 2012 r.
w sprawie Krajowego Programu Ochrony Lotnictwa Cywilnego [9], to airports’ managing authority's duties are included:
- providing and publishing
the necessary airport documentation,
- coordination of
activities and cooperation with the Border Guard and the Police,
- enabling entities
operating in the airport to familiarise themselves
with the airport security program,
- ensuring that operations
at the territory of the airport entities perform tasks and processes regarding
the current and valid program of safeguarding the airport against acts of
unlawful interference,
- organising activities aimed at
protecting the airport against acts of unlawful interference and conducting
supervision over these activities,
- managing the activities
of the airport security team,
For the implementation
of the tasks mentioned above, the so-called Airport Security Teams are often
appointed by the airports’ managing authority. Each team includes an airport
managing authority who is the chairman of the team, a representative of the
airport security service, a representative of the Police, a Border Guard
representative (at airports where border crossings are located), a
representative of the Internal Security Agency, a representative of the Customs
Service, and a representative of the committee of the air carrier’s
association [9]. This team mainly expresses and broadcast opinions and submits
its conclusions in order to prepare appropriate ordinances and orderings in the
field of protection, development of the airport security program, application
of new technical solutions and procedures for passenger’s check-in,
baggage check-in and control of cargo [3].
The operational services
and emergency services are also established to increase security within the
airports. Actions carried out by them and mutual cooperation of all those
bodies contribute to counteracting the occurrence of threats, or in the event
of their occurrence, contributes to a quick stopping of their escalation, and
quick response to counterattack the threats.
Operational services at
airports include [3]:
-
airport security service,
-
airport control service,
-
duty airport operator,
-
rescue and fire fighting service,
-
coordination of ground traffic,
-
meteorological service,
-
airport maintenance service,
-
operational service of the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA),
-
Falconer service.
The Airport Security
Service is a service whose existence and functioning at the airport's area is
crucial for ensuring aviation protection (within the scope of the airports)
against acts of unlawful interference. The existence of the Airport Security
Service was regulated in the provisions of Ustawa z dnia 22 sierpnia 1997 r. o ochronie osób i mienia. This document specifies
the competences of individual units operating at the airport, including the
Airport Security Service. The Airport Security Service is an armed formation,
carrying out its tasks for the safety and security of civil aviation, by
providing direct physical and ad hoc protection within the airport’s area
[13]. Its existence is based on providing protection for the entire aviation
sector, mainly civil aviation. This organisation is
directly supervised by the airport’s managing authority [14]. The Airport
Security Service’s tasks are to carry out security checks of passengers,
crews and employees employed by and at the airport’s surface, in order to
exclude the possibility of bringing dangerous equipment and materials,
prohibited by law, into restricted areas and operational zones of the airport.
The duties of this service include
checking of employees’ passes, passengers’ boarding passes
etc., ensuring the safety of passengers, airport employees and other persons
staying on its premises, as well as the protection of the aircraft. In
addition, Airport Security Service’s tasks include control of the
technical condition of the fence, protection of restricted zones, recognition
and transfer of persons who constitute a threat to safety and security at the
airport to the appropriate services [3]. In addition, their tasks include
identifying at the airports, unattended luggage, nets and personal items [10].
The Airport Security Service carries out its tasks in close cooperation with
the Police officers as well as the Border Guard [10]. Their joint cooperation
is particularly important in the case of the recognition of persons or
passengers who have violated security or conditions of air carriage. This
cooperation may also include joint actions in the event of the capture of
persons who have unreservedly obtained or attempted to gain access to
airports’ security restricted zones.
Another service, which
has an impact for securing the civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference, is the airports’ control service. It consists of five
operational positions. These are:
-
the manager of TWR Supervisor, which oversees
the work of the entire team,
-
an airport’s controller that controls aircraft and other vehicles
moving in the take-off/ landing area and the airport's manoeuvring
zones,
-
terrestrial traffic controller who controls the ground movement zone
(excluding the take off/landing area),
-
a clearance delivery operator whose job is to hand over air traffic
control permits to aircraft departing from a given airport,
-
assistant of the air traffic
controller who is a kind of helper.
Other service
responsible for counteracting threats and increasing security at airports is
the airport's operating officer, who supervises persons who manage teams, for
example, over the commander of the airport security service, commander of the
airport rescue and firefighting brigade, manager of passengers’ and
baggage’s handling, etc. The Airport operating officer is the person
responsible for the implementation of tasks and operational activities that
must be taken in the event of threats to the safety and security of civil
aviation, for example, in the event of committed unlawful acts against civil
aviation. This unit initiates the proper procedure. It is also responsible for
informing relevant services about incidents and has the power to cancel and
terminate procedures already started.
Tab. 1
Services
responsible for safeguarding civil aviation against acts of
unlawful interference at airports
|
Lp. |
Procedure |
Operational service responsible for such procedure |
|
1 |
Passenger check-ins and baggage
check-ins |
Handling Agent |
|
2 |
Security checking of hand luggage |
Airport Security
Service/ Custom office |
|
3 |
Security checking of checked baggage |
Handling Agent |
|
4 |
Passenger control |
Airport Security
Service / Custom office |
|
5 |
Passport and visas’ control |
Border Guard |
|
6 |
Passenger boardings |
Handling Agent |
|
7 |
Surface transport of passengers
and crew between the
terminal and the aircraft |
Handling Agent |
|
8 |
Airport rescue and security tasks |
Airport rescue and fire-fighting
service |
|
9 |
Fire protection at the airport |
Airport rescue and fire-fighting
service |
|
10 |
Care of luggage and objects left unattended at the airport |
Border Guard |
|
11 |
Handling service of the aircraft
at the stand |
Handling Agent |
|
12 |
Safeguarding restricted zones, including technical inspections of terminals, fences |
Airport Security
Service / Custom office |
|
13 |
Controlling of the emplyees’
passes |
Airport Security
Service |
|
14 |
Safeguarding passengers, restricted and open
zones against acts of unlawful interference |
Airport Security
Service |
|
15 |
Monitoring the airport and adjacent zones |
Airport Security
Service |
The airport rescue and
firefighting service are primarily established to rescue endangered people in
the event of an accident or catastrophe, to conduct evacuation, or bring out
victims from places where a dangerous incident has occurred. They also are
responsible for removing immobilised aircraft, which
paralyses or hampers air operations at the airfield. Their main obligation
within the airports is to extinguish fires and neutralise
spills of flammable substances. They are a service whose readiness must be
ensured at the highest possible level (it is often specified in the Operation
Manual that Airport rescue and firefighting service should reach any point
located on the runway in less than 3 minutes). Airport rescue and firefighting
service is also involved in eliminating local threats, including technical,
ecological, chemical or medical rescue services [3]. The airport managing
authority is responsible for forming up and ensuring the rescue and
firefighting service is equipped with specialised
equipment (at any public use airport). Additionally, the authority is
responsible for maintaining the necessary funds for the rescue and firefighting
operations carried out by the Airport rescue and firefighting service. Moreso, employees of the airports’ rescue and
firefighting service must be professional firefighters. They are subjected to
periodic physical and mental fitness tests, as well as they are involved in
specialist training, carried out at the expense of the airport managing
authority [14].
Services such as the
terrestrial air traffic coordinator also known as Follow me, meteorological
service which is responsible for checking and updating of the atmospheric
phenomena, as well as the operating service of the Polish Air Navigation
Services Agency (PANSA) which is responsible for
devices installed at the airport and falconer do not have direct impact on
safeguarding the aviation sector, in general, against acts of unlawful
interference at the airport [3].
At the level of the
European Union’s law, the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) plays
a key role in the creation and publication of the law restrictions. This organisation in the Doc. 30 has overviewed basic
recommendations relating to the broad subject of safeguarding the civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Doc. 30 deals in more details
with the issue of civil aviation security compared to Annex 17 of the
Convention on International Civil Aviation. There are defined and specified
exact required levels of security in the civil aviation sector, and ways on how
to those achieve levels [2]. Doc. 30 specify that every country has to create
the national civil aviation security program, every airport has to publish the
airport security program and each airline has to prepare and publish the
transport’s security program. Based on Doc. 30, various state services
have been set up to be provided at airports to carry out the tasks of the
safeguarding these facilities. The public services, which are responsible for
maintaining safety and ensuring security at airports, are the Border Guard, the
Police and the Customs Service. The airport managing authority in cooperation
with these services shall establish a system of monitoring and specify the
procedure of access into restricted airports’ zones, as well as methods
of monitoring security in the open zones of the airport [3].
The Border Guard, next
to the Civil Aviation Authority, is the main entity responsible for ensuring
safety and security at the airport. The tasks of the Border Guard in Poland
primarily include [3]:
- ensuring public security
in the area of the border crossing located at the airport,
- taking action in the
occurrence of a situation threatening the safety and security of users of equipment and facilities located at
the airport,
- cooperation with the
Civil Aviation Authority and providing information on the occurrence of threats
and any acts of unlawful interference,
- providing, in the event
of such a necessity, the Sky Marshalls’ officers, on board aircraft,
- reconnaissance activities for hazard
and threats identification.
At airports, may also be
located airport police stations whose tasks include:
- ensuring safety and
maintaining public order in all zones at the airport,
- judging the programs
about counteracting various types of crisis situations that may threaten the
security of persons and property at the airports, as well as contribute towards
increasing the effectiveness of the provided protection,
- taking over people who
have violated regulations or attempted to enter restricted zones at the
airports without proper authorisation in order to
create, for example, a threat to airport users and infrastructure,
- escorting passengers
considered as dangerous,
- conducting negotiation
activities in the event of crisis situations,
- safeguarding people with VIP status.
The customs office,
which may have its own unit at the airport, primarily performs tasks related to
the financial security of the state’s interests. It controls compliance
with customs law and other regulations regarding the transport of goods (in
this case by air). They mainly watch over the thwarted transport of endangered
animals and plants. The customs office cooperates with the airport security
service in the area of joint control and supervision of compliance with safety
and security rules and procedures at airports. While performing its tasks, this
service must be particularly careful and effective in carrying out tasks for
safeguarding due to the possibility of transporting dangerous materials and
prohibited articles that may be hidden in baggage or in cargoes, which may have
an impact and pose a danger to people staying at the airport [3].
Similarly, Handling
agents have an impact on the provided level of security at airports. While
performing their duties, such as passenger check-ins and baggage check-ins,
printing and checking boarding passes, transferring passengers to aircraft,
loading and unloading or cleaning of the aircraft, they may observe unusual behaviour of passengers, which may be classified as
deviating from the usual behaviour. Their
observations and comments forwarded to the airport security service directly
responsible for security at the airport may be useful in detecting and
maintaining a high security level at the airport. In protecting civil aviation
against acts of unlawful interference, it is important to provide specific
training and increase the knowledge of handling agents about threats such as
acts of unlawful interference and prepare them to react properly in case of
such occurrences [11].
Each airport must have
the necessary documentation, created and published by the airport’s
managing authority, in which all the rules, procedures and regulations
applicable on the premises of that airport are described in details. One of the
mandatory documents at airports in Poland is the Operational Manual of the
Airport (INOP), which has to be approved by the CEO
of the Civil Aviation Authority. Its contents must include the Airport
emergency plan, which includes [3]:
- airport security program
against acts of unlawful interference (with a description of the zones of the
airport and its facilities, procedures to ensure the safeguarding of the
airport and its facilities, procedures implemented to carry out security
checking of passengers, luggage and cargo, as well as the exact actions to be
taken in crisis situations);
- an operational airport
rescue plan that is necessary for prompt action in case of a demanding
situation in carrying out a rescue operation such as an accident or emergency
landing at the airport. This plan describes rules on how to proceed in case of
emergency situation on board aircraft, composition and competence of the
services and staff appointed in the event of rescue operations, a list of
minimum rescue and firefighting service equipment, medical equipment, etc.,
procedures of informing services and public administration bodies involved in
rescue operations, diversion of aerodrome operational zones with basic
information such as airport’s takeoff and landing approaches area, flight
zones, visual navigation points assigned to the airport, etc.
The plan for
counteracting crisis situations in civil aviation[5] is a part of the
Airport Security Program. It must be consistent with the ICAO
regulations, guidelines and requirements. Its contents must include information
such as the main principles of conducting emergency actions, the manner of organising entities participating in safeguarding and counterattacking
the crisis situation occurring at the airport, procedure of notifying services
which should be informed in the occurrence of crisis situations, the
composition of the airport’s first reaction team, the procedure of
cooperation with the media, guidelines for people who are responsible for
cooperation with investigative services, the manners and forms of assistance to
families, and participants of a crisis situation, etc
[5]. Regarding plans to counter crisis in civil aviation, the airport managing
authority developed instructions for individual airport services in case of
such crisis situations. All instructions must be agreed with the appropriate
personnel for a given area, for example, commander of the provincial State Fire
Service (in the case of publicly used airports) or the district (or municipal)
commander of the State Fire Service (in the case of other, non-publicly used
airports) [14].
The activities of rescue
and extinguishing services established at the airports are closely related to the
relevant crisis situation. The response to a crisis situation means a series of
interdependent operations, that has to be planned, organised, managed and controlled. The essence of crisis
planning is emphasised by the fact that it is the
basic chapter in the Airport Security Program, which is the main document for
every airport certified by the Civil Aviation Authority. The exercises and
simulations for the event of the occurrence of any act of unlawful interference
at airports are helpful in planning procedures and specific actions and
preparing in general for any occurrence of such crisis situations against
aviation.
Important elements in
the civil aviation safeguarding system against acts of unlawful interference
are procedures, audits and quality controls. All procedures aimed at
safeguarding airports are included in the Airport’s Security Program.
There are reliable reflections and fulfilment of requirements and restrictions
contained in international documents (this document has to be approved by the
Civil Aviation Authority). There are many entities authorised
to carry out audits in the field of security aspects at airports, for example,
representatives of airlines, and Civil Aviation Authority representatives. They
can control airports, carriers, etc. At airports, where transatlantic
connections to the United States of America are carried out, audits may be
carried out regularly by the US Department of Transportation's Security
Administration (TSA). Quality controls at airports are very important issues in
the context of ensuring and providing protection for civil aviation against
acts of unlawful interference, which explains why audits are often carried out
in a very detailed manner by ECAC [2].
Law restrictions
submitted to ensure safety and security in the airspace, as well as in response
to the need to plan and coordinate safe air traffic in the airspace, have
outlined air routes. Diversion from the designated route gives the suspicion of
a threat, for example, of unlawful seizure of the aircraft. This entails the
commencement of appropriate procedures by the relevant services, which are
aimed at safeguarding passengers and aircraft. However, it may be difficult to
detect such a deviation from the route, because the airspace of each state is
intensively exploited by numerous civil aircraft. Large number of aircraft in a
relatively small area helps to mask the intention, and even perform an
unexpected attack from the airspace [7].
Within the scope of
providing and safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference, it is also possible to distinguish between many indirect measures
that can be included as operational solutions, when implemented have an impact
on safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. The conducted
research has also shown that, among others, there are solutions, when
implemented safeguards civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference,
such as:
- taking up the fight
against the phenomenon of money laundering,
- freezing funds of organisations suspected of terrorism or supporting
terrorism,
- detaining (imprisoning)
people suspected of terrorism,
- supervising persons
suspected of terrorism,
- deportation of
foreigners suspected of terrorism,
- failure to provide
asylum to suspected terrorists,
- increasing the scope of
border control and document control,
- introduction of a harmonised form for third-country nationals applying for a
visa and residence permit that will enable the integration of biometric
identifiers,
- creating an integrated system of
information exchange on lost and stolen passports.
For theoretical reasons,
the above-mentioned methods cannot be classified into any of the categories in
the division of operational solutions defined by the author, but they have an
indirect impact on the effectiveness of safeguarding civil aviation against
acts of unlawful interference.
3. SUMMARY
Safeguarding civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference may be taken by applying legal
solutions as well as preventive actions. The latter solutions, aimed at
ensuring security, and thus securing civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference, can be used and implemented at airports, on board aircraft, and
through the use of operational solutions.
Undoubtedly,
all the operational solutions mentioned and described in this article aims at
safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference, increased
safety, security and protection of civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference. This research shows that operational solutions focused on
safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference are
implemented mainly by ensuring the functionality of the appropriate organisation of specialised
security services. Appointment, among other things, in the Airport Security
Service is aimed at ensuring security at the airports, as well as against
actions that could create the risk of disturbance or loss of security in the
whole civil aviation sector. Other operational services provided and employed
within airports also perform tasks that increase safeguarding the airports
against acts of unlawful interference. However, to protect whole civil aviation
sector against acts of unlawful interference, it is important to implement a
combination of the above-mentioned and described solutions, as well as other
solutions within airports and on board aircraft. Successful implementation
would lead to the creation of sufficient and ultra-secure civil aviation
security system against all threats.
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Received 01.10.2019; accepted in revised form 29.11.2019
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