Article
citation information:
Kubik, A., Hadryś, D., Stanik,
Z., Jasiok, M. Analysis of tribological wear in block – on ring contact
on tribological tester T-05. Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2019, 105, 113-123. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2019.105.10.
Andrzej KUBIK[1],
Damian HADRYŚ[2],
Zbigniew STANIK[3],
Marek JASIOK[4]
ANALYSIS
OF TRIBOLOGICAL WEAR IN BLOCK – ON RING CONTACT ON TRIBOLOGICAL TESTER
T-05
Summary. Friction is one of the most common phenomena in this
technique. The friction process in the tribography systems causes both energy
losses and consumption process losses. The layer of the surface of a solid body
differing from the material to the entire volume of the solid is a close
participant in the tribological process. The effects of external influences
during treatment of the material and in friction processes were established and
modified. The well-shaped layer of the surface provided optimum tribological
properties during operation.
This work provides an analysis of the use of a
tribological pair working in a rotational movement, in different operating
conditions. The tests carried out showed the impact of the selected
exploitation factors, that is, the speed and load, the consumption and the
friction coefficient of the saliva and the graphical interpretation of results
from the results obtained from experimental and metallographical studies. The
tests carried out in the block-on ring position of the T-05 tribology was the nature
of preliminary tests. Preliminary tests enabled the effects of designated
performance parameters to be determined on selected tribological properties.
Low-carbon steel used for heat-chemical treatment and steel with DLC coating
was used for the test. Metallographic studies enabled the dominant use
mechanism to be determined, depending on external factors.
The application of the above-mentioned value for
materials currently used in various types of constructions allows for extending
the life of a given device without major financial and constructional costs. A
wide range of applications can bring many benefits to the current design
solutions, in which the efficiency of the entire device can be easily improved.
Keywords: friction, lubrication,
DLC layer
1. INTRODUCTION
The wear of cooperating
elements with each other has being a focal point of interest for a long time [1-3].
The following articles show the various approaches to engineering solutions for
improvement of wear elements [4-10]. Machinery for using machinery components
is the inseparable effect of the device. One of the main phenomena that happen
during the cooperation of two elements is the friction phenomenon. The friction
process entails both positive (for example, motor vehicle equipment) and
negative effects (for example, aerodynamic resistance). The friction process in
the tribography systems causes both energy losses and consumption process
losses (Figure 1).
The surface layer of the
solid differing in structure and properties from the material in the entire
volume of the solid body is a strict participant entering the tribological
process. It is created and modified under the influence of external influences
during material processing and in the friction process. A properly shaped top layer
ensures optimal tribological properties during operation [11].
Fig. 1. Dependency:
input-output in the tribological test [12]
The sliding friction, classified as the sliding friction, occurs at the
interface between two solid bodies, while the bodies slide against each other
or remain at rest. In the case of external friction (for example, sliding), the
force occurring causes the displacement of one of the bodies relative to the
other. Sliding friction occurs when a pressure force is transferred at the
contact point of the bodies. This is accompanied by many phenomena occurring on
the friction surface and just below it. In the case of dry friction, where
there is no lubricant and foreign matter between the cooperating elements, the
intensity of friction increases with the increase of surface roughness, this is
accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat, which results in loss of
strength and increased wear of selected machine parts [11]. Exploitation under
the conditions of changing tribological and corrosive excitations results in
unfavourable changes in the structure of materials that may cause the loss of
important functional properties or even the complete destruction of structural
elements of machines and devices [14]. The functional properties of machine
parts depend not only on the possibility of transferring mechanical loads but
mainly on the structure and properties of surface layers [15-19]. Factors
determining the tribological properties of the coating are shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Factors
determining tribological properties of coatings [20]
2. TRIBOLOGICAL STUDIES - TEST FACILITY
The Common Rail injection system leads all other types of injection
systems in diesel engines in the passenger and supply sectors. This system
works in a pressure range of 30 to 220 MPa where the fuel pressure is produced
continuously by a high-pressure pump. As a high-pressure pump, piston pumps
driven by one to four piston pumps were used. The accuracy of the performance
of the cooperating pair is up to 0,001 mm. This makes it impossible for any
part of the various components to be included, which would result in a flawed
injection and calibration [13].
The device for assessing the tribological properties of material
combinations is a block-on ring-testing machine. Tribological tests using the
T-05 tester were carried out with the following parameters:
• friction association: roll - made of 17 HNM material and
block made of 17 HNM material with DLC coating, where the chemical composition
of 17 HNM steel is:
Tab.
1
Chemical composition of 17HNM steel, %
|
C |
Si |
P |
S |
Cr |
Ni |
Mo |
W |
V |
Cu |
|
0,14-0,19 |
0,17-1,37 |
max 0,035 |
max 0,035 |
1,5-1,8 |
1,4-1,7 |
0,25-0,35 |
max 0,05 |
<=0,2 |
max 0,3 |
• load
P = 10 N,
• sliding
speed v = 0.18 m/s,
• road of friction s = 1950 m (for 0.18 m/s),
• test
time t = 10800 s.
Fig. 3. Tribological
knot block-on ring
Fig. 4. Tester used for
tests - T-05
3. TRIBOLOGICAL STUDIES - TEST RESULTS
The tests used the T -05 type test equipment working in the cinematic
pairs of the block-on ring. During the tests, the friction force was recorded
for 10800 s. The tests were carried out for five samples from each type of
material. Figures 5 and 6 show indicative graphical interpretation of the
friction coefficient where the rotational bar and load were constant and 100 N.
Figure 5 presented the values for the case tested - steel with the DLC layer.
Figure 5 shows the values for steel-steel tested. The drawings indicate that
the values of the different materials differ. The case shown in Figure 5 shows that
for steel with a DLC layer the value of the coefficient is significantly lower.
As the journey of friction grows, it increases. For the case of Figures 5 and
6, the friction coefficient after the test increased by about 0,08 [-]. Figure
7 shows the loss of mass of the samples tested. The primacy between materials
showed that the material without the DLC layer recorded a loss of mass almost
three times larger than material with a layer.
Figures 8 and 9 show
examples of graphical frictional interpretation for parameters as in Figures 5
and 6, except for load. For the following examples, it is increased to 100 N.
Figure 8 presented the values for the case tested - steel with the DLC layer.
Figure 9 shows the values for steel-steel tested. As seen in the charts, the
coefficient of friction in the DLC layer falls over time. The initial value of
the coefficient increased rapidly due to the break of the layer from the
surface of the sample.
Figures 11 and 12 show
one of the samples surface cooperating with the counter sample. The migrating
of the DLC layer between samples can be noticed, thus, the value of the
coefficient of friction decreased during the test.
Fig. 5. Cofficient of
friction steel - steel with DLC layer - load 10 N
Fig. 6. Cofficient of
friction steel - steel - load 10 N
Fig. 7. Mass decrement
of investigated materials (load 10 N)
Fig. 8. Cofficient of
friction steel - steel with DLC layer - load 100 N
Fig. 9. Cofficient of
friction steel - steel - load 100 N
Fig. 10. Mass decrement
of investigated materials (load 100 N)
DLC layer
Fig. 11. Example sample with DLC layer (load 100 N)
DLC layer
Fig. 12.
Example sample with DLC layer (load 100 N).
4. SUMMARY
The tribological tests
carried out using the T-05 tribotester were preliminary tests that were
introduction to the main studies. Microscopic examination allowed observation
of the sliding association in a swinging motion whose lubricating medium was
diesel oil. Magnification of the drawings revealed various types of grooves,
and discontinuities caused by the interaction of friction elements.
The following
conclusions were formulated on the basis of the conducted research:
- carrying out research in
a block-on ring system at T-05 in single-sided traffic, a significant impact of
the load on the value and type of wear was found,
- wear in the sliding
combination is of the abrasive and adhesive nature, and its intensity depends
on the operating parameters (for example, load),
- in view of the nature of
the tests leading to comparison of the coefficient of friction of the two
samples, the mass loss was measured, and rightness correctness of the applied
DLC layer,
- the application of the
above-mentioned value for materials currently used in various types of
constructions allows for extending the life of a given device without major
financial and constructional costs.
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Received 18.09.2019; accepted in revised form 12.11.2019
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