Article
citation information:
Hać, R. Psychological aspects
of the recruitment of administrative personnel and services in a regional
airport. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of
Technology. Series Transport. 2019, 105,
77-90. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2019.105.7.
Ryszard HAĆ[1]
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
THE RECRUITMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL AND SERVICES IN A REGIONAL AIRPORT
Summary. The proper preparation of personnel of civil
airports is justified in terms of safety and security of flight operations,
airport capacity, which in turn affects the timeliness of air traffic. For
airports, which have been created from scratch, in a social environment in
which there are no aviation traditions, with the formal tightening of
qualification rules for airport services personnel by the EASA, the selection
of candidates for training, the formation of service teams, their training and
cohesion constitutes a real challenge. At the discretion of airport management,
the definition of minimum requirements with regard to competence, ways of
training, gaining and developing professional competence, determining remit
(important in terms of insurance) and specification of the manner of storing
data about the competence and remit, also their resumption, extension,
suspension, cancellation as well as time and duration of the refreshment. This
practice, being an attribute of airport management, is commonly defined as
"Under supervision of Airport Authority". For each airport function,
individual training programmers are juxtaposed, using the themes listed for the
first stage, second stage and for the practical course. The phase of continuous
improvement focuses on the selected functions in the organisational structure
of the airport. One of the elements determining the safety and efficiency of
the operation of an airport is the proper selection of candidates for work,
including the personal-professional profile. Psychological studies, using
available research tools, are used for this purpose. This article includes the
results of studies conducted among work candidates in a newly created airport,
in accordance with the following criteria: temperament, sense of control
placement, coping with stress, intelligence and mental health abilities, attention,
resilience, social competences, emotional intelligence. The study findings
would be helpful in the management of the selection of employees and developing
individual training programmes, preparing for work in specific positions at the
airport.
Keywords: staff training,
regional airport, managing, new airport
1. INTRODUCTION
Air transport is one of the fastest
developing areas of transport. The second half of the 20th century is a period
of fast-developing air transport for both passengers and cargo as well as mail
in Poland. The development of this type of transport refers to ensuring the
best conditions of safety and efficiency of air operations on the ground and in
the air. The airport becomes a system combining individual elements (for example,
technical, organisational), whose coordinated action is responsible for the
efficient and safe execution of air operations [4,8].
The last few years have been a
period of dynamic progress in aviation transport in all areas of public
carriage of people, goods and airmail [7,12]. Construction work of a new
airport is an investment with reliance on a specific natural and operational
environment, which requires the determination of a schedule of work in
different fields:
- administration (vision, mission,
politics, documentation and certification),
- economics (estate and equipment,
economic index),
- operational (operational
strategy) [6,13].
The most important is
still personnel and its abilities (Fig. 1) [3].
Fig. 1.
Illustration of an organisational scheme of a regional airport
Source: author
The formation of a larger number of
the same regional airports involves the needs of sourcing a significant amount
of specialised staff in a relatively short period. Regrettably, in
today’s market, there is a shortage of professionals who could fulfil
their duties with the right sense of responsibility required of such highly
specialised positions, in specific functional departments found in modern
airports; regional or international irrespective. Considering, for instance, a
regional airport whose goal is to serve one million passengers, its structure
would reach an amount of approximately two hundred specialised staff in such
departments as:
- administration,
- safety,
- technical,
- ground staff,
- outside safety sources lending
support for the operational activity of the airport (Fig. 2) [5].
Fig. 2.
Areas of experience, which need to be trained at the airport
Source:
author
2. AIR PERSONNEL
TRAINING
Taking into case consideration, the
training of a newly created airport staff presents very different situational
demands, as it is a specific and challenging task for the crew involved. The
specification of this task is about not only having comprehensive knowledge
about the functioning of the entire civil airport, tasks of the staff but also
having the ability to foresee how the organisational scheme of the future
airport would look like. The preparation assumption for the personnel-training
program should include a series of conditions relevant to the airport. It is
necessary to answer a number of questions, for example, how the new airport
would function, its role in the scheme of things, what tasks will be fulfilled
by the airport, who will complete the cast list, and what is the final outcome
of the whole personnel training process. While trying to answer the above
questions, there is one more to deal with, namely, the precept of the Law to
use in the preparation of the training processes. This is where the first
problems arise. Apart from the training fields of the Airport Security Services
and Fire and Rescue Services, the training of other airport services is defined
in a very abstract manner in ICAO 9776 Manual on Aerodrome Certification,
Regulation (EC) No 1108/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
21 October 2009 [9]. It leads such organisations as ICAO, EASA and the National
aviation authorities of many countries to the serious problem of maintaining
standards for licensed personnel, including air traffic control and
pilots’ problems with the standard of the English language, maintenance
engineers – problems with standards of the maintenance services and
guidance in understanding the Aircraft Manuals. It is necessary to bear in mind
though that should the issue of airport staff-licensing obligation to
high-class standards arise, it would cause a huge problem for many European
airports to fill in their cast lists. The lack of qualification criteria in
multiple air staff specialisations encourage the possibility of discretionary
qualification of the staff in the certification process and theoretically
legitimises a tremendous discrepancy in the knowledge and experience of the
staff of same size airports. This is transferred to the level of airport
safety. Therefore, it is extremely important to define the minimum requirement
of knowledge, skills and competence for particular labour groups such as
airport operations duty managers, marshallers, airport lighting specialists,
computer system validation (CSV) engineer/specialist, and seasonal workers. In
these guidelines should be found, not only qualifications but also health
status, eligibility such as driving license, certificates for electrical
installation contracting, etc., suitable for the job. Furthermore, it would be
a good practice if executives used such instruments as psychological and
emotional health check-up for the interviewees who apply for airport-based
jobs. This commonly exists in other fields of life. Applicants for a license to
carry a weapon, drivers and firefighters need to do specialised psychological
check-ups; this might as well pertain to the whole group of airport specialists
(Fig. 3).
Fig. 3.
Philosophy and vision for the training of airport specialists
Source:
author
Airport specialists responsible for
education and training:
1. Airport managerial personnel
−
executive,
−
operational managers,
−
technical executives,
−
economic and financial managers.
2. Airport administrative and
technical personnel
−
airport administration,
−
specialists of operating systems (ims, certification, validation),
−
specialists responsible for protection,
−
specialists responsible for communications,
−
specialists responsible for information technology,
−
specialists responsible for environment protection,
−
specialists responsible for auxiliary services.
3. Airport terminal personnel
−
terminal operational services,
−
terminal technical services.
4. Airport personnel
−
apron services (airport operations duty officer, follow-me,...),
−
apron technical services (maintenance, lighting, transport, seasonal
operations, ...).
5. Other airport services
−
fire and rescue service,
−
airport security service,
−
medical service,
−
meteo service (ext.),
−
services/ground handling companies (ext.).
6. State services
−
police (airport/ext.),
−
border guards (airport/ext.),
−
customs service (airport/ext.),
−
military (airport/ext.).
7. Municipal services,
institutions, specialists
−
fire and rescue service,
−
first aid medical station,
−
cleaning and contamination
services,
−
special transport, crane services, ...
On the one hand, airport executives
will never accept a mentally disordered or emotionally unstable person to work;
on the other hand, however, they must be certain that the employees meet the
criteria and will able to fulfil the planned training. It is possible to assess
such persons easily using suitable tests.
A casting process done on a voluntary basis will be of low cost and
goodwill matter. Psychological examination of candidates for posts in an
airport - personal-professional employee profile:
·
temperament:
− amount of energy,
− need for stimulation,
− resistance to difficult and
extreme situations,
− pace of life,
− response time,
− flexible or schematic,
− easily/not easily
adaptable to new situations,
− resistance to stress -
styles of stress management,
·
attention:
− emotional intelligence,
− ability to recognise
facial expressions, which is treated as a basic components of emotional
intelligence,
− acceptance, expression
and use of own emotions in action,
− empathy, that is,
understanding and recognition of other people's emotions,
− control, including
cognitive ones, over one's own emotions,
− understanding and
realisation of one’s own emotions,
− perception, recognition
and influence on the emotional condition of other persons.
Exemplary psychological tests,
together with the research tools can be seen in Table 1. The aim of the
investigation was to assess the psychological profile of an ideal worker for
ground personnel as well as airport services [11].
Tab. 1
Exemplary
psychological tests for airport job applicants
|
Tested |
Groups
of tested candidates for specific kind of tasks |
Research tools |
|||
|
Managers |
Administration Employee |
Airport worker |
Sentry post |
||
|
Temperament |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
FCZKT |
|
Self placement |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
CWP |
|
Stress handling |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
CISS |
|
Intelligence |
- |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
TIS |
|
Mental health |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
GHQ |
|
Attention |
- |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
D2TEST |
|
Personality |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
NEO-PI-R |
|
Social
competencies |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
- |
KKS |
|
Emotional
intelligence |
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
TSIE |
|
yes |
Yes |
yes |
yes |
PKIE |
|
Source: testing conception
for airports
By using suitable research tools,
it is possible to conceptualize social competencies as revealed in the
following situations:
- social exposure,
- self-assertion,
- close interpersonal
contact,
- serious hazard (Table
2).
Tab. 2
Sample scenario and
procedure of a psychological test for candidates
|
The examined criterion
of selection |
Used
psychological tools |
Time of examination /in minutes/ |
|
|
Temperament |
FCZKT |
30 |
|
|
Locus of Control |
CWP |
15 |
|
|
Stress management |
CISS |
15 |
|
|
Mental health |
GHQ |
10 |
|
|
Focus |
D2TEST |
~ 5 /280 sec/ |
|
|
Personality |
NEO-FFI |
45 |
|
|
Social competences |
KKS |
20 |
|
|
Emotional Intelligence |
TSIE |
20 |
|
|
PKIE |
20 |
||
|
The number of types of
examination in a given group of candidates |
Overall number of
exploited tools: 9 |
Total time of
examination: 180 min. + 20min. for passing the information |
Source:
testing conception for airports
The results of the research with
the above-mentioned tools can be considered complementary, and at the same
time, in line with the expectations of the employer with regard to the
employees (Figs. 4 and 5).
Fig. 4. Stress
handling test
Source:
author
The results of the research with the
above-mentioned tools can be considered as mutually complementary, and at the
same time in accordance with the expectations of the employer towards
candidates.
The personnel training process
should not be one - time only. The dynamic progress of aviation requires a
highly responsive way of operation, which calls for the need for continuous
refining in the field of organisation, procedures and high technology. Thus,
the process should not only be repetitive but universal for a specific kind of
labour group by using theory elements and practicals, cooperating with other
services, especially in a hazardous situation (Fig. 6).
Model of a theoretical training
programme of airport operational staff, universal for every operational skill
(a type of airport GCSE), requires a minimum of three weeks of intensive
training and theoretical tests for applicants. Unquestionably, this involves
exertion on the instructors as well as the participants of the course and an
organising effort on the part of the employer.
Such a training programme should
take into account the fact that most of the candidates are unfamiliar with
aeronautics, not to mention operational airport activities. Technical
university programmes are either too extensive or inapplicable to a progressive
airport reality. Furthermore, the programs do not include the most important
factor - airport practice (airport internships are too short and do not give
full competencies). Moreover, these types of training are difficult to define
in a simple way, thus, it is impossible to give specific eligibility to a
student. Another problem is the choice of trained and highly experienced
lecturers. A very important factor of the training process is to prepare
teaching aids, for example, presentations, movies and papers. Some practical
scrutiny shows that there is no better way to speak to somebody than to show
him practically what the whole airport process looks like. Specific airport
cases are gotten into the imagination in a special way. Students need to know
that the training programme is addressed to them and that their duty is to gain
this knowledge, which should be checked recurrently during the course. On
completion of the course, the whole material should be checked with an
appropriate exam. Passing the tests and exam should be sufficient to obtain a
certificate of skills with regard to specific theoretical training.
Unfortunately, in our reality, proper accreditation of such training and a
certificate still poses a serious problem. There are too many loopholes and
imperfections of the local law in this matter. The regulations are too general
and common practice has not yet developed a good habit of a high standard
training for personnel in many fields Tables 3 and 4 [14].
Fig. 5. D2 - examining attention
test
Source:
author
Tab. 3
Scope of a simplified course for candidates for an
airport worker
|
No. |
Information
about the programme |
|
|
|
L |
E |
||
|
•
|
Official start of course, welcoming participants |
X’ |
X |
|
•
|
Information about staff training system of the airport |
|
|
|
•
|
Overview of the requirements for the course participants, their tasks
and conditions for participation in the course |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Thematic scope of the programme; theoretical and practical |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Course schedule for the implementation of the programme |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Manner of the programme implementation |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Materials and didactic aids for course participants |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Introducing lecturers and instructors responsible for conducting
particular thematic blocks |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Ways of checking knowledge and skills of course participants |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Ways of raising qualifications and resuming the validity of staff
qualifications |
X |
X |
|
•
|
System of supervision over the proper implementation of the programme |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Discussion of the assessments for acquiring individual programme
modules |
X |
|
|
•
|
Airport organisational
regulations (including organisational structure - brief) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Safety at work
training (including specific threats at the workplace) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Fire-fighting training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Passes training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Productivity and team coordination |
X |
X |
|
•
|
English language
training (aviation terminology - selected issues) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Signs, markings
(pictograms), signals and messages applicable at an airport (Landside and
Airside) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Code of Ethics for an airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
International and
domestic aviation law - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Communication systems
in PL [communications systems in general, radio, tranking) - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Quality System - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Safety system (safety)
- basic training |
||
|
•
|
Security system
(security) - basic training |
||
|
•
|
System of
Environmental Protection - basic training |
||
|
•
|
Structure, topography,
airport equipment, threats - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport services and
their tasks - general training (introduction) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Organisation of
vehicle traffic, equipment and pedestrians within the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport operations in
a normal and special mode (alert, contingency, crisis) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Seasonal operations at
the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Monitoring and
surveillance system for the operation of the airport |
X |
X |
Fig. 6.
Elements affecting training process
Source:
author
Tab. 4
Scope of a simplified course for candidates for
airport workers
|
No. |
Information
about the programme |
|
|
|
L |
E |
||
|
•
|
Official start of the course, welcoming participants |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Information about staff training system of the airport |
X |
|
|
•
|
An overview of the requirements of the course participants, their
tasks and conditions for participation in the course |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Thematic scope of the programme; theoretical and practical |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Course schedule for the implementation of the programme |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Manner of the programme implementation |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Materials and didactic aids for course participants |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Introducing lecturers and instructors responsible for conducting
particular thematic blocks |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Ways of checking knowledge and skills of course participants |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Ways of raising qualifications and resuming the validity of staff
qualifications |
X |
X |
|
•
|
System of supervision over the proper implementation of the programme |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Discussion of the assessments for acquiring individual programme
modules |
X |
|
|
•
|
Airport organisational
regulations (including organisational structure - brief) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Safety at work
training (including specific threats at the workplace) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Fire-fighting training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Passes training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Productivity and team coordination |
X |
X |
|
•
|
English language
training (aviation terminology - selected issues) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Aviation terminology
(airport terminology in the Polish language) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
International aviation organisations |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Signs, markings (pictograms), signals and messages applicable at an
airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Code of Ethics for an
airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
International and
domestic aviation law - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport functions (as a whole) and functions of its main services |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Documentation standards of the airport – best practice (Best
Practice) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Automatic
Identification System (AIS) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport equipment
– basic information |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport Communication
System (general communication, radio, tracking) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Quality System - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Safety system (safety)
- basic training |
X |
|
|
•
|
Security system
(security) - basic training |
X |
|
|
•
|
Airport Environmental
Protection - basic training |
X |
|
|
•
|
The protection of
civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference and state border –
basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Aircraft; building,
classification - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Structure, topography,
airport equipment, threats - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Documentation, manuals, operating
procedures for air traffic services, in the section on airports |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport information
systems and their compatibility with other information systems - basic
training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport services and
their tasks - general training (introduction) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Organisation of vehicle
traffic, equipment and pedestrians within the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport operations in
normal and specific conditions
(alert, contingency, crisis) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport operations in
day and night - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Seasonal operations at
the airport - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Air operations in LVP
conditions - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Human Factor in the
work of airport services (Human Factor) - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Monitoring and
surveillance system for the operation of the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Air information
(FIS/AFIS) - basic training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Ground-based air
traffic protection installations - introduction training |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Identification of
aircraft types and their basic
technical operational data |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Removing grounded
aircraft from airport apron (introduction) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Introducing the
content of the Airport Operations Manual (basic training) |
X |
X |
|
TOPICS OF TRAINING FOR LANDSLID PERSONNEL |
|||
|
•
|
Maintenance and
servicing of terminal (Terminal Resource Management) |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Operation of parking
spaces (only for service staff car parks) + practice |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Running an airport
sound system (only for sound system personnel) + practice |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Passenger handling
(including unaccompanied children and passengers with reduced mobility PRM)-
introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Baggage handling
(passenger baggage, cargo, cargo DGR) - introduction |
X |
X |
|
TOPICS OF TRAINING FOR AIRSIDE PERSONNEL |
|||
|
•
|
Signs, signals and
messages applicable in the Airside sector |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Measurement of
roughness of the surface DS and DK - introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Control, calibration,
operation (service) of ground-based air traffic security installations
-introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Apron resource
management (maintenance of ground ait traffic) – introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Airport work under LVP
conditions |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Animal threats at the
airport and in the operational area of the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Audio equipment and
bang weapons used in deterring animals and birds at the airport |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Aircraft refuelling -introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Apron Maintenance – introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Operation of luggage
carriages, luggage conveyor belts and other devices on the aircraft apron -
introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Towing, pushing,
operation of 400 Hz equipment and connecting an aircraft, handling an
immobile aircraft (RTG) - introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Transport of
passengers and their baggage on the tarmac (shuttle buses, transport of
luggage, transport of cargo) – introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Snow removal and
de-icing of aircraft – introduction |
X |
X |
|
•
|
Seasonal maintenance
(including de-icing/snow removal) of the air traffic ground – for
information |
X |
X |
|
THEMES FOR JOINT COORDINATION EXERCISES |
|||
|
•
|
Theoretical exercises
(Desk Research) within coordination and the implementation of emergency
procedures, contingency and crisis involving State and municipal services at
the airport |
X |
|
|
•
|
Practical exercises
(Field Research) within coordination and the implementation of emergency
procedures, contingency and crisis in/or on the grounds of the airport |
X |
|
The next step, which concurrently
poses a challenge, is a practise training. There is neither legal footing which
would legitimise the minimum qualification for most airport specialities nor a
consistent standard of legal requirements addressed to airport personnel in a
matter of most specialities practical training process. The program preparation
should be based on solid practical knowledge gained during long-term practice
at large airports together with a confirmation of this knowledge
internationally. Interpersonal contacts with specialists of large airports and
organisations such as IATA (International Air Transport Association), ACI
(Airport Council International) or FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) have
proved to be extremely helpful. There is the priceless opportunity of
practising at a big airport, where it is possible to train under different
scenarios in a natural environment, under the eye of a specialist and in
different weather conditions, where one can really feel the atmosphere of the
airport [2].
The final step is to practise at
the target airport, using the airport’s own equipment. This stage of
training is vital but its processing depends on the prefigured notation made in
the contract with the equipment provider about its duty to reliable staff
training [10].
The lay of the land of the whole
staff preparing process is a phase of testing the new airport. It is a stage,
which did not exist in any airport regulations, hence, it is rather a stopping
factor than a stimulant in the training process, as before the certification of
the airport there is no way that any plane can land on it. This means there is
no way of practice, conducting any tests in the new airport topographic reality
or harmonising the whole safety system with outside services (Fig. 7).
An extremely important element of
the organisation of preparing an airport worker for work is the monitoring of
their suitability for the position through documenting, storage and archiving
data. Each
course participant should have his or her own documentation file:
•
education and useful skills prior to the start of the course,
•
course of training,
•
course of hands-on training,
•
protocols of periodic inspection of knowledge and skills.
The creation of an effective,
coordinated staff training, certifying of competences and authorisations to
carry out tasks within the Lublin Airport and in the operational airport zone
should become one of the main strategic objectives of the airport [1].
Fig. 7.
General model of airport specialists training
Source: M.
Sławiński, Training conception for Lublin Airport
3.
CONCLUSIONS
In light of the above-presented
examples of training problems, it is definitely clear how difficult the task of
preparing all needed personnel for a newly created airport is.
We may assume that the main task of
the airport officials in the future is to create the possibility of specialised
training for all levels of airport staff. A complete training program unified
through all airports gives the assurance that the same service level of staff
can be achieved irrespective of place.
However, due to the observation of
the situation at different airports, it is quite evident that there is still a
problem with the same level of airport staff qualification. It is hoped that
future training centres all around the world will create training rudiments,
with the use of which full airport staff training will be implemented. Special
certification process will help find staff with the same level of abilities
notwithstanding the airport.
References
1.
Act of 3 July 2002 Aviation Law. OJ 2002 No.
130 item 1112.
2.
Commission
Regulation (EU) No. 139/2014 of 12 February 2014 laying down requirements and
administrative procedures for airports in accordance with Parliament's
regulation. European and Council Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.
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Conceptual
materials. Lublin S.A.
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Havenga Jan H. 2013. „The importance of disaggregated
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Management 7(a106): 1-7. ISSN: 2310-8789.
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ICAO
9776 Manual on Aerodrome Certification.
6.
ICAO Chicago Convention Annex 14.
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Regulation
(EC) No. 1108/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
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activities in civil aviation.
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M. 2011. Training concept. Lublin.
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the years 1993 - 2010 and air operations performed in the years 1997 - 2010 in
scheduled and charter traffic at Polish airports.
Received 12.09.2019; accepted in revised form 15.11.2019
Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport is licensed
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