Article citation information:
Idzikowska, T. European standardization for the management of
space-related projects. Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2017, 95, 55-65. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2017.95.6.
Teresa IDZIKOWSKA[1]
EUROPEAN STANDARDIZATION FOR
THE MANAGEMENT OF SPACE-RELATED PROJECTS
Summary. A project is a temporary endeavour
designed to produce a unique product, service or result, with a defined
beginning and end (usually constrained by time, funding or deliverables), which
is undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about
beneficial change or added value. Space projects involve a complex process and
usually take many years to be developed. The development of complex project
requires the cooperation of several organizations, which share a common goal:
namely, to create a product that satisfies the consumer’s needs (technical
performance) within cost and schedule constraints. To reach this goal,
corresponding technical activities, as well as human and financial resources,
need to be organized and coordinated in a well-organized manner. Project management is the discipline
of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and finalizing the work of a
team in the achievement of specific goals and meeting specific success
criteria. This involves the
application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities
in order to meet project requirements.
The paper is a review of how issues related to space management
requirements has been addressed in Europe.
Keywords:
space project; project management; standardization.
1. INTRODUCTION
The importance of standardization to space
activities in Europe is growing, as the EU, the European Space Agency (ESA),
national space agencies and European industry are faced with new technical
challenges involving more demanding economic constraints. Through a more
efficient and effective use of space technologies and space-based applications
and services, standardization has a role to play in boosting the competitive
position of the European space industry in the world market, notably by
increasing the product range and thus decreasing prices, as well as helping
SMEs to enter certain segments of the space market. Space standardization
supports the uptake of space-based innovative services and applications.
Standardization is seen as a way to decrease
the risk of failure, guarantee the technological reliability of space
products/components, and reduce development and operational costs. Since
European space production is split between several countries, the development
of “standardized” working procedures can help reduce some of the inefficiencies
present in the value chain [3, 24].
Standardization is generally viewed
as a process that drives commercial viability and success. Successful companies
recognize that developing and using standards represent the path to remaining
competitive and producing quality products [9].
Standards promote innovation because
they allow for an early market uptake of innovative products and services,
which enabling technology transfer and facilitating research. Standards also
typically ensure interoperability between different devices and services,
allowing for innovation to take place “on top of innovation”. Standardization
allows different individuals, firms and institutions to coordinate their
resources with regard to a particular technology or methodology [15, 25].
The purpose of this paper is to
present a review of European standardization activities and deliverables for
management used in the planning, monitoring, and controlling of space-related
projects.
2. STANDARDIZATION
in european space policy
European space policy
is defined in Communication COM (2007) 212 Final
[2], which indicates the priority tasks
associated with the use of space applications, achieving the objectives of EU
policies, and meeting the needs of businesses and European citizens. It also
sets out standards, which represent some of the factors determining the legal
framework that is specific to the space sector. The Commission, according to
the communication, reserves the right to ask European standard-setting
organizations to conduct a systematic assessment of what standardization will
be needed in the future, in support of the legal framework.
Standardization,
together with certification, is also referred to in Regulation (EC) No 683/2008
[23] with regard to Galileo and EGNOS, indicating that certification and
standardization are inherent elements of these programmes.
Communication COM (2013) 108 Final, published on 28 February 2013 [3], highlights the growing
importance of standardization in Europe with respect to space and places new
demands on the EU, ESA, national space agencies and European industry regarding
new technical challenges. It underscores the importance of effective space
standardization as a tool to support the uptake of space-based innovative
services and applications. As space missions are also a risky business, where
technology is pushed to the limit and where there is very limited opportunity
to correct problems that were not identified before a launch, standardization
is seen as a way to decrease the risks of failure, guarantee the technological
reliability of space products/components, and reduce development and
operational costs. Finally, since European space production is split between
several countries, the development of “standardized” working procedures is
indicated as a means to reduce some of the inefficiencies currently
present in the value chain.
Issues related to the
European space policy and standardization activities are also included in the Council Decision of 3 December 2013 [4]. The
pre-normative research and standard setting, in the context of prioritizing
“societal challenges”, are recognized as activities supporting innovation.
Standardization, alongside processing, archiving and validation, was also
recognized as an area in which to allow greater use of data obtained in space.
The development of worldwide standards and interoperability guidelines, and the
promotion of the acceptance and deployment of European solutions outside
Europe, were identified as activities that could enhance the competitiveness of
European industry. On the topic of the space industry and research community,
as well as strengthening European non-dependence in space systems, it is
emphasized that standardization should be supported in order to optimize
investments and develop access to market.
3. EUROPEAN
STANDARDIZATION for SPACE
European
standardization is a voluntary activity, based on voluntary cooperation between
industry, businesses, public authorities and other stakeholders. There are
three European standardization organizations (ESOs) that have been officially
recognized by the European Union and by the European Free Trade Association as
being responsible for developing and defining voluntary standards at a European
level:
-
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is
responsible for developing European standards and other technical
specifications in relation to a wide range of products and services in all
areas of economic activity with the exception of electrotechnology and
telecommunications.
-
The European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC) is responsible for developing European standards and
other technical specifications in the electrotechnical engineering field.
-
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) produces globally applicable standards for information and
communications technologies, including fixed, mobile, radio, converged,
aeronautical, broadcast and Internet technologies.
The majority of European standards
produced by these ESOs are developed to address specific needs that have been
identified by potential users. About
one fifth of all European standards are developed following a standardization
request (mandate) from the European Commission (EC) to the ESOs. This request
asks for European standards or European standardization deliverables to be
drawn up and adopted in support of European policies and legislation. European
standards/standardization deliverables, even though developed under a
Commission request and for European legislation, remain voluntary. However,
when European standards are adopted, national standardization bodies are
expected to transpose them into
identical national standards and withdraw any conflicting national standards [13].
The EC has
an obligation to identify strategic priorities for European standardization for
the upcoming year. This obligation is a consequence of Regulation
(EU) No 1025/2012 [22].
In 1996,
the ESOs received the first mandate, namely, EC
Mandate M/237 [12], which was primarily organizational in nature as its
aim was to establish rules for cooperation between the ESOs and the European
Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS). This mandate obliged the ECSS,
CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop an overall strategy of standardization work to
meet the needs of the space industry, including identifying areas where
standardization activity should be carried out on a European level and those
that should be conducted on an international level, as well as identifying those
specifications that should obtain the status of a European standard and those
that remain within the exclusive sphere of the ECSS. At the same time, it was
admitted that the subsequent transposition of selected international standards
as European standards was possible.
The second
EC Mandate M/415 [10] was issued in June 2007.
This mandate set out the standardization work programme for the space sector,
clearly pointing out that standards developed under this mandate should ensure
an adequate level of security for space equipment and services, as well as
provide support for European projects and European space industry. It was part
of a European space programme, with its implementation divided into two stages.
The first step was a feasibility study, whose task was to determine the current
state of the standardization aerospace needs by prioritizing future work and
identifying the participants who should be involved in this work in individual
thematic areas. In the second stage of the programme, for each thematic area
identified in the first phase, standardization needs and a comprehensive
programme of standardization work were developed.
To respond to EC Mandate M/496
(addressed to the CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardization regarding
the space industry, i.e., Phase 3 of the process) a joint CEN-CENELEC Technical
Committee on ‘Space’ (CEN/CLC/TC 5) [11] was created in 2011. Meanwhile, the
CEN and CENELEC have established close cooperation with the ECSS, which brings
together the ESA, several national space agencies and Eurospace (representing
the European space industry).
3.1. European
standardization activities for space project management
The ESA has a strong commitment to
support the ECSS. The ultimate goal of building user-friendly standards for all
European space activities is to minimize life cycle costs, while continually
improving the quality, functional integrity and compatibility of all elements
of a space project. This goal is achieved by applying common standards for
project management and for the development and testing of hardware and
software. During the development process of ECSS standards, the ESA Requirement
and Standard Division acts as the ECSS’ central secretariat
[9].
The ECSS intends to achieve formal
status for a selected part of its standards (as appropriate) as European
standards (ENs) by the CEN in order to increase the efficiency of the European
space industry and strengthen its international competitiveness. Currently, a
large majority of the European standards and standardization deliverables for space project management are
developed by the ECSS [26].
The set of European
standards/standardization deliverables relating to space project management
include the only one prepared by the working group comprising the CEN, CENELEC
and TC 5, namely, EN 13290-1:1999 Space Project Management: General
Requirements ‑ Policy and Principles
[17], which presents and describes the documents produced for the
management and direction of the technical scope of activities associated with
the strategy and execution of aerospace projects. It also defines fundamental
management rules for the implementation of space project realization, as well
as the ability to use these rights to all individuals participating in projects
including, for example, space agencies, and industrial and scientific
laboratories.
The other standards originate from
documents and standards prepared by the ECSS.
The ECSS’ system is a set of
standards, handbooks and technical memoranda for ECSS users, comprising a
comprehensive set of documents addressing all essential aspects of the three
major branches:
-
Project management
-
Engineering
-
Product assurance
The objectives, policy and
organization of the ECSS, together with its architecture and documents, are
presented in ECSS-P-00C [7]. The current architecture of European standards for
space systems is depicted in Fig. 1, while detailed architecture of ECSS space system management standards is
presented in Fig. 2.
The management branch of the ECSS responsible for
standards/standardization deliverables defines the process requirements to be
applied to overall project activities during the life cycle.
The ECSS-M series standards are characterized by the fact that, in order
to meet the expectations of the consumer in the most cost-effective way, they
may be tailored to the specific characteristics and constraints of a space
project in line with ECSS‐S‐ST‐00, ECSS System: Description, Implementation and General Requirements [8].
ECSS-M-00 Space Project Management: Policy and Principles [5] is the top-level document in the management branch, which provides an
introduction to the domain, content and architecture of the management
standards. It also covers common topics, such as tailoring, risk management and
overall project management. It is designed to facilitate the elaboration of a
management system, which is appropriate to the project in which it is
implemented, compatible with existing structures and flexible enough to adapt
to necessary changes throughout the phases of the evolving project, as well as
to new projects.
EN
16601-10 [17] (ECSS-M-ST-10) Space Project Management: Project Planning and Implementation describes
the key elements for project planning and implementation, while specifying the
top-level requirements and products. It encompasses all of the processes
carried out in order to plan and execute a space project, from initiation to
completion, at all levels in the customer‐supplier
chain in a coordinated, efficient and structured manner. The project management
plan, as described in this standard, defines the project management approach
and methodology to be used throughout the life cycle of the project, together
with an overview of all the elements of project management disciplines. This
standard includes normative and informative annexes. Annex A contains the
requirements for a project management plan, which should be prepared by each
supplier in the customer‐supplier chain. Annexes B to E, as well as Annex A, are normative and
specify respectively the product tree, the work breakdown structure, the work
package description and the progress report. Annexes F to H are informative and
provide details about the delivery of ECSS management branch documents per
review, the delivery of other management documents, and the determination of
the appropriate work breakdown structure. The following European standards were superseded by this standard: EN 13290-2:2001 Space Project
Management: General Requirements - Project Breakdown Structure; EN 13290-3:2001 Space Project
Management: General Requirements - Project Organization; and EN 13290-4:2001:
Space Project Management - General Requirements Part 4: Project Phasing and
Planning, developed by the CEN, CENELEC
and TC 5.
ECSS-P-00: Standardization Policy EN
16601-00-01: Space Systems (Glossary of Terms) Space Project M Space Product Assurance Space Engineering EN 13290-1: Policy and Principles EN 13291-1: Policy and Principles EN 16601-10: EN 13292: Policy and Principles EN 16601-10-1: Organization & Conduct of Reviews EN 16601-40: EN 16601-60: ECSS-M-70 Integrated Logistic Support EN 16601-80 EN 16602-20 Series: Quality Assurance EN 16602-30 Series: Dependability EN 16602-40 Series & ISO 14620: Safety EN 16602-60 Series: EEE Components EN 16602-70 Series: Mechanical Parts & Processes
EN 16602-80 series: Software Product Assurance EN 16603-10 Series: System Engineering ECSS-E-3x Series: Mechanical EN 16603-20 Series: Electrical &
Electronics EN 1603-40: Software EN 16603-50 Series: Communication EN 16603-70 Series: Ground System & Operation EN 16603-60 Series: Control
management
Project Planning
Configuration & Information Management
Cost and Schedule Management
& ISO 16091:
& ISO 17666:
Risk Management
Fig. 1. Architecture of European
standards for space systems [14]
M-10 Discipline: Project Planning & Implementation ECSS-M-ST-80: Risk Management ECSS-M-00: SPACE PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ECSS-M-ST-10: Project Planning & Implementation ECSS-M-ST-10-01: Organization & Conduct of Reviews M-40 Discipline: Configuration & Information
Management M-70 Discipline: Integrated Logistic Support ECSS-M-ST-40: Configuration & Information Management ECSS-M-ST-60: Cost & Schedule Management ECSS-M-ST-70*: Integrated Logistic Support M-60 Discipline: Cost & Schedule Management M-80 Discipline: Risk Management
*Ongoing update of an existing
document
Fig. 2. Architecture of ECSS space system
management standards [14]
EN 16601-10-01 (idt ECSS-M-ST-10-01) Space Project
Management: Organization and Conduct of Reviews, as developed by the CEN, CENELEC and TC 5, replaced EN 14093:2002 of
the same title. This specifies the means for identifying and structuring all of
the activities and information required in project review, and provides the
information outputs and activities necessary to complete the process and a
check list of activities and information required for each of the project
reviews, as identified in the ECSS standards, concerning the project
management. This standard is divided into two main parts: the first part
presents the processes, while the second provides detailed requirements. It
also specifies, in annexed document requirement definitions (DRDs), what the
requirements specified in this standard apply to, and how they affect the
supplier and customers at all levels [18.
EN 16601-40 (idt ECSS M-ST-40) Space Project Management: Configuration and
Information Management describes the
processes and the requirements for managing the information/documentation and
configuration regarding the products within a space programme or project. The
importance of configuration management has been recognized in light of its
incorporation within most of the main safety standards, including IEC 61508 and
DO-178B, as well as more general quality guidance, such as ISO 9000.
Configuration management is essential for system safety, as it helps to ensure
that requirements and constraints, which are identified in earlier stages of
development, are preserved through subsequent modifications. Configuration
management consists of procedures and processes that are intended to ensure the
consistency of a product with both functional and non-functional requirements
throughout the development and operational lifecycle. This standard is
structured into two main parts: the first part presents the processes, while
the second provides detailed requirements. Annexed DRDs specify the expected
configuration and information/documentation management documentation [19].
EN 16601-60 (ECSS-M-ST-60) Space Project Management: Cost and Schedules
Management defines methods for the optimization of the use of human resources,
facilities, materials and funds, thereby ensuring a successful completion of
the project. It defines principles and requirements that are both common and
individually specific for cost and schedule management [20].
ECSS-M-70 Space Project Management: Integrated Logistic Support is a document that describes the set of
management requirements needed to identify and provide of logistical support.
The aim of these requirements is to ensure that the consumer can operate and
maintain a product under the expected operational conditions for the expected lifetime.
This document describes the fundaments of integrated logistic support and sets
out management requirements for integrated logistic support, logistic support
analysis, support elements and information management [6].
EN 16601-80 (ECSS-M-ST-80) Space Project Management: Risk Management is the latest, but the most important,
in a series of European standards for space project management. Risk management
is placed in a key position among the standards defining management practices.
The objective of this standard is to define the principles and requirements for
integrated risk management on a space project. It explains what is needed to
implement a project-integrated risk management policy by any project actor, at
any level (i.e., customer, first-level supplier or lower-level suppliers). The
aim of project risk management is to identify, assess, reduce, accept, and
control space project risks in a systematic, proactive, comprehensive and
cost-effective manner, taking into account the project’s technical and
programmatic constraints. This standard contains a summary of the general risk
management process, which is subdivided into four basic steps and nine tasks [21, 24].
4. Summary and conclusions
A common feature of ECSS standards
is that requirements are defined in terms of what must be accomplished, rather
than in terms of how to organize and perform the necessary work. Such an
approach allows for existing organizational structures and methods to be
applied where they are effective, and for structures and methods to evolve as
necessary without rewriting the standards.
The European standards architecture
for space project management reflects the architecture of ECSS documents. This
is because the significant majority of European standards regarding this topic
concern the implementation of ECSS standards. Such an approach facilitates the
organization and retrieval of requested information within the system of ECSS
and EN standards.
The principle applicable to
numbering EN standards, when implementing ECSS standards, enables easy
identification of the relationship between them.
A feature
common to all these deliverables is that they can/should be tailored to the
specific characteristics and constraints (requirements of a particular profile and circumstances) of a space
project/programme.
A recommended seven‐step process for the preparation and application of tailoring, in order
to establish the applicability of ECSS standards and their requirements on a
project, as well as apply tailoring as necessary, is described in ECSS‐S‐ST‐00 [8].
The series of EN (ECSS) standards
for management should be applied to engineering and product assurance standards
in space projects and applications.
European standards, in accordance
with the agreement on technical cooperation between the ISO and the CEN,
namely, the Vienna Agreement, should be harmonized with international standards
where appropriate. The agreement sets out two essential modes for the
collaborative development of standards: the mode under the ISO lead and the
mode under the CEN lead, in which documents developed within one body are
submitted for the simultaneous approval by the other [1].
Despite the aforementioned
agreement, it is still possible to find some international standards for space
programme/projects management, which are almost identical (for example, EN 16601-80 and ISO 17666 for risk
management).
The
situation is similar with respect to ECSS standards (for example ECSS-M-70 and
ISO 16091 for integrated logistic support), despite the fact that the ECSS
Technical Panel maintains a liaison with the ISO’s Technical Committee 20 and
Subcommittee 14: Space Systems to harmonize and complement actions, while ESA
member states are taking part in developing ISO standards [9].
A good example of the active
involvement of the CEN and ESA member states in developing ISO standards is the
newly proposed work item ISO/AWI 21886 Space
Systems: Configuration Management. In this case, Germany will consider the
adoption of EN 16601-40:2014 Space Project Management - Part 40: Configuration
and Information Management (identical to ECSS-M-ST-40C) as an international
standard, rather than creating a new document.
European and international standards
are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that they take account of the latest
scientific, technological, regulatory and market developments. The review
process is a good opportunity to decide whether the topic should be subject to an international or European standard.
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Received 12.03.2017; accepted in revised form 07.05.2017
Scientific Journal of Silesian
University of Technology. Series Transport is licensed under a Creative
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[1] Institute of Aviation. Krakowska 110/114 Avenue, 02-256
Warszawa, Poland.
E-mail: teresa.idzikowska@ilot.edu.pl.