Article citation information:
Kołdys, K. Proposal
for security plans creation for high consequence dangerous goods in road
transport of dangerous goods. Scientific
Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2016, 93, 59-68. ISSN: 0209-3324.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2016.93.7.
Karolina KOŁDYS[1]
PROPOSAL FOR THE CREATION OF
SECURITY PLANS FOR THE ROAD TRANSPORTATION OF HIGH CONSEQUENCE DANGEROUS
GOODS
Summary. In
the list of dangerous goods, there are materials and articles, which, due to
particular criteria stated in the European Agreement Concerning the International
Carriage of Goods by Road (ADR), are treated as high consequence goods. High
consequence dangerous goods are those whose misuse may lead to a terrorist
event and therefore pose a serious threat of mass casualties, destruction or
socio-economic disruption. All personnel responsible for the carriage of
high consequence dangerous goods should comply with ADR requirements, as
appropriate. Basic ADR requirements, which should lead to the elimination
of potential safety violations hazards, is to acknowledge, implement and
respect security plans. The ADR reflects overall security plan regulations,
describing the elements of which such plans should be created. The ADR
itself does not prescribe methods for preparing documentation, nor implementation
details. This article is to elaborate on these aspects.
Keywords:
ADR; high consequence dangerous goods; security provisions
1. INTRODUCTION
Physical, chemical and biophysiological properties are the basis for the
classification of substances, mixtures and objects as dangerous goods. During
this procedure, certain properties of substance or mixture are compared to the
classification criteria stated in the legislations concerning the
transport of dangerous goods. The determining factor that classifies materials
or objects to certain classes is the dominant danger. It may occur with
diversified intensity, as a result of which it is discriminated according to
packaging group. If an item is considered dangerous and likely to cause
more risks, with less intensity, they are defined in the proper order by
classification codes. The final stage of the procedure is the assignment
of the relevant UN number, as well as proper shipping name for the relevant
dangerous good. The UN code is a unique four-digit identification number
relating to a specific material or article.
The literature presents various elaborations concerning the storage or
transport of dangerous goods [2, 3, 4]. It should be noted that all activities
related to dangerous goods are regulated by relevant laws: the ADR for road
transportation [5]; the RID Regulations for rail transportation [6]; and the
Act for Dangerous Goods Transportation, dated 19 August 2011, for road, rail
and inland transports [7].
Dangerous goods, in terms of road transportation, involve materials or
objects, which have been approved for transport under the ADR or have been
accepted for carriage only after meeting criteria listed in the mentioned
document [5, 7]. These dangerous goods are considered to be high consequence
goods. A company involved in the transport of high consequence dangerous goods
and related activities is required to meet a number of additional requirements
in accordance with the provisions of the ADR [5].
2. HIGH CONSEQUENCE
DANGEROUS GOODS
High consequence goods are goods
that could be misused in a terrorist acts, thereby having consequences such as
mass casualties, mass destruction, or could be radioactive materials, which
have the potential to cause economic and social disruption [5]. Worldwide, the
growing wave of terrorism and terrorist groups has resulted in the introduction
of the ADR 2005 guidelines for cargo security. Such activities are aimed at reducing
the risk resulting from the use of dangerous goods in deliberate criminal
activities against the public order. These actions mainly concern the theft of
means of transport used for the carriage of dangerous goods, the theft of
dangerous goods and their illegal use, and attacks on vehicles that have been
parked. Since the 2005 guidelines for the carriage of dangerous goods, group of
goods called high consequence goods have been distinguished. These goods may be
used for typical terrorist purposes or inappropriately for their intended
purpose. Among these high-risk goods are explosive substances and articles
(Class 1), toxic substances (Class 6.1), materials with flammable properties
(Class 3 and 4.1) or infectious substances (Class 6.2). Once the transport
of these goods is planned, specifically established procedures must be
implemented [1]. The carrier, as one of the participants, is obliged to develop
and implement a high consequence dangerous goods security plan, including
elements consistent with the ADR [5] or the RID Regulations for the
transportation of high consequence dangerous goods by rail [6]. The term
“protection” is understood in terms of the precautions that should be taken to
reduce the risk of the theft of dangerous goods or attacks on means of
transport, leading to the reduction of hazards posed to humans, property or the
environment [1, 5].
Cargo security, an element of
which involves high consequence dangerous goods, should be
carried out by participants involved in the process, with special emphasis on
the sender and the carrier. Activities in this field should include, inter
alia, actions such as the identification of the driver and the carrier by the
sender, the protection of places of loading, storing and unloading, regular
checks on persons and enterprises, and the confirmation of the training of
people who are involved in the transport of dangerous goods [1]. High-risk goods,
which are non-classified as Class 7 (radioactive materials) goods, are
indicated in Table 1. They are transported in quantities greater than those
indicated in the table [5].
Table 1.
List of high consequence dangerous goods [5]
|
Class |
Division |
Substance or article |
Quantity |
||
|
Tank (l) |
Bulk (kg) |
Packages (kg) |
|||
|
1 |
1.1 |
Explosives |
- |
- |
0 |
|
1.2 |
Explosives |
- |
- |
0 |
|
|
1.3 |
Compatibility group C explosives |
- |
- |
0 |
|
|
1.4 |
Explosives for UN nos. 0104, 0237,
0255, 0267, 0289, 0361, 0365, 0366, 0440, 0441, 0455, 0456 and 0500 |
- |
- |
0 |
|
|
1.5 |
Explosives |
0 |
- |
0 |
|
|
2 |
|
Flammable gases (classification
codes including only letter F) |
3,000 |
- |
- |
|
Toxic gases (classification codes
including letters T, TF, TC, TO, TFC or TOC) excluding aerosols |
0 |
- |
0 |
||
|
3 |
|
Flammable liquids of packing
groups I and II |
3,000 |
- |
- |
|
Desensitized explosives |
0 |
- |
0 |
||
|
4.1 |
|
Desensitized explosives |
- |
- |
0 |
|
4.2 |
|
Packing group I substances |
3,000 |
- |
- |
|
4.3 |
|
Packing group I substances |
3,000 |
- |
- |
|
5.1 |
|
Oxidizing liquids of packing group
I |
3,000 |
- |
- |
|
Perchlorates, ammonium nitrate,
ammonium nitrate fertilizers and ammonium nitrate emulsions or suspensions or
gel |
3,000 |
3000 |
- |
||
|
6.1 |
|
Toxic substances of packing group
I |
0 |
- |
0 |
|
6.2 |
|
Infectious substances of Category
A (UN Nos. 2814 and 2900, except for animal material) |
- |
0 |
0 |
|
8 |
|
Corrosive substances of packing
group I |
3,000 |
- |
- |
2.1. Elements of the security plan
The participants in the road
transport of dangerous goods are all entities listed in the ADR [5, 7]. The
concept of the road transport of dangerous goods not only includes any movement
of the vehicle on the public highways or other public roads, but also any stops
required during the carriage and activities related to it [7]. Participants in
the road transport of high consequence dangerous goods should adopt, implement
and apply a protection plan, created in accordance with specific guidelines.
The security plan should, at least, contain the following elements [5]:
(a)
exact division of
responsibilities with respect to competent and qualified people
(b)
list of dangerous
goods or types of dangerous goods that are the subject to protection
(c)
the characteristics
of performed activities in line with their hazard assessment (the description
should include stops required for the transport operations, dangerous goods
storage, as well as temporary storage of dangerous goods related to change of
type/mean of transport)
(d)
list of measures to
reduce the risk of exposure in accordance with the roles and responsibilities
of the participants, which should contain:
- training methods
- workflow (e.g., in cases of increased danger, control
of respective workstation)
- practical attitude (e.g., identification and use of
well-known routes)
- necessary equipment and tools for hazard reduction
(e)
scheme of notifying
and reacting procedures in cases of hazard occurrence or security breaches and
related activities
(f)
assessment and
testing methods for security plans, with regard to procedures for periodic
inspections and possible upgrades
(g)
description of
safeguards concerning the physical protection of information about the transportation,
as stated in the security plan
(h)
arrangements to
ensure the restriction of access to the information included in the security
plan for authorized persons, with the solutions compatible with the guidelines
for reporting the information identified in provisions of the ADR [5]
3. EXAMPLE OF A SECURITY PLAN: UN
1680 POTASSIUM CYANIDE, SOLID
This section
gives an example of a protection plan for dangerous goods, which was prepared
for a company involved in packing, loading and managing the transport of high
consequence dangerous goods, in this case, UN 1680 potassium cyanide, solid.
The packing, loading and shipping of dangerous goods are activities associated
with the movement of dangerous goods. The company performing such operations
acts as the participant of the transport of dangerous goods by road along
with the packer, shipper, the sender [5]. UN 1680 potassium cyanide, solid, is
a Class 6.1 poisonous material, and classified according to packing group I,
meaning it is considered as a high-risk dangerous good when carried in a tank
or packages regardless of the amount.
3.1. Legal basis concerning the preparation of a security plan for the
transport of dangerous goods by road
The legal
basis for security plan preparations are:
-
ADR Section 1.10.
Provisions for dangerous good transportation (Dz. U. 2015 poz. 882),
-
Act for Dangerous
Goods Transportation, dated 19 August 2011 (Dz. U. Nr 227, poz. 1367 with act
changes).
3.2. List of high consequence dangerous goods
The concept of ensuring security is
understood in terms of actions or precautions taken to minimize the risk of
theft or misuse of dangerous goods, which could endanger people, properties or
the environment.
High consequence dangerous goods are
those goods that can be used in accordance with their intended use in a
terrorist event and cause serious consequences, such as mass casualties, mass
destruction or, particularly for Class 7 (radioactive materials),
socio-economic disorganization. Figure 1 shows the list of dangerous goods,
which are high consequence goods.
Fig. 1. List of high consequence
dangerous goods (ADR Table 1.10.3.2.1) [2]
3.3. Description of responsibilities with related risk assessment
A. Division of duties
with reference to security
Employees should acknowledge, apply and respect
any security plan, with regards to assigned roles, responsibilities and duties.
Name and Last Name: person no. 1, Position: CEO, Contact:
telephone number.
Responsibilities:
Supervision of the legalization and approval of
high consequence dangerous goods security plans for road transport.
Name and Last Name: person no. 2, Position: COO, Contact:
telephone number.
Responsibilities:
Supervision of the legalization and approval of
high consequence dangerous goods security plans for road transport.
Name and Last Name: person #3, Position: Logistics Manager, Contact:
telephone number.
Responsibilities:
Receiving
and approving orders. Signatures and authorization controls for orders,
notifications and other documents related to the transport of high consequence
dangerous goods. Managing employees and the security agency with regard to
physical security of property and facility.
Name and Last Name: person no. 4, Position: Warehouse Manager, Contact:
telephone number.
Responsibilities:
People management and work division with
reference to the shipment of dangerous goods. Supervision of shipments.
Name and Last Name: person no. 5, Position: Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser, Contact: telephone number.
Responsibilities:
Preparing, updating and ensuring proper
training for respective employees on high consequence dangerous goods security
plans for road transport. Supervising the tasks of staff involved in
transport-related operations with regard to the road transport of high
consequence dangerous goods.
Security Agency: agency no. 1, security agency
employees as per respective shifts, Contact:
telephone number.
Responsibilities:
Physical security of facilities and properties.
B. List of dangerous
goods to be protected
UN no.: UN 1680
Name and description: potassium cyanide, solid
Classification code: T5
Packing group: I
Hazard identification no.: 66
C. Operations review
and assessment of associated risks
Location/operations: warehouse at the company/packaging
site of high consequence dangerous goods with UN no.: UN 1680.
Risk characteristics: unauthorized access to high
consequence dangerous goods with UN no.: UN 1680.
Preventive actions: manufacturing facility and
warehouse monitoring, control of people and transport units entering and
leaving the site property, led by the respective security agency.
Risk degree: low.
Location/operations: company site, zone A/loading of high
consequence dangerous goods with UN no.: UN 1680.
Risk characteristics: unauthorized access to high
consequence dangerous goods with UN no.: UN 1680, unauthorized access to loaded
transportation unit.
Preventive actions: manufacturing facility and
warehouse monitoring, supervision of transportation unit by warehouse staff
delegation as well as by the respective security agency; control of people and
transport units entering and leaving site property, led by the security agency.
Risk degree: low.
Location/operations: company site, internal road within the
property/the passage of the transport unit with high consequence dangerous
goods with UN no.: UN 1680.
Risk characteristics: unauthorized access to loaded
transport unit, the opportunity for vehicle-vehicle collision or the
vehicle-construction collision.
Preventive actions: manufacturing facility and warehouse
monitoring, identity control of transport crew by the security agency.
Risk degree: low.
D. List of measures to
minimize the risk of threats
Staff training
Training schedule (developed in accordance with
the provisions of ADR1.10.2 on protection training):
1.
Identification and
characteristics of threats
2.
Methods for
detection and removal of threats
3.
Actions taken in
the event of security breaches
4.
Ways to secure
staging points of dangerous goods, including high consequence dangerous goods
5.
Provisions for
high consequences dangerous goods
6.
Security plans
(ADR 1.10.3.2)
7.
Liability of
employees resulting from the duties performed.
Security policy
The company with the registered site packs,
loads and ships dangerous goods, i.e., UN 1680 potassium cyanide, solid, Cl.
6.1, PG I.
Procedure:
Control of recruitment and shifts within
positions, criminal record verification.
In the event of danger:
In case of any threat involving the release of
the dangerous goods concerned, employees are obliged to notify the emergency
services, notify the supervisor of such possibility, take actions to minimize
the risk of the potential release of dangerous goods, notify the heads of other
entities (carrier, consignee) operating in relation to the high-risk goods. If
a threat occurs on site, the Logistics/Warehouse Manager or a respective deputy
should announce the evacuation of people from the site area within a
radius of 300 m from a presumptive event, take over the evacuation of people,
and coordinate the activities of workers of the company in close alignment
with the emergency services.
Practical attitude:
The selection of routes for the transport of
transport units and in-house roads should involve the shortest distance to or
from the loading, located as far away from the object as possible. Equipment
and other measures used to minimize safety risks: the area of the site is
fenced and lit at night. The area should be monitored and the camera monitor
located at the building entrance, such that it is available for constant
supervision by security agency workers from Agency no. 1. Monitoring is carried
out 24/7 including Sundays and holidays by security agency workers from Agency
no. 1 on the registered site. The entrance is barrier-protected and fenced by
an electric gate, which is controlled from the guardhouse. The guardhouse is located
at the entrance to the company.
E. Notification, prevention and reaction procedures in case of threat
Workers are
obliged to notify their supervisor about every single threat related to
transport or other activities related to goods. If high consequence goods have
been impacted, workers are obliged to follow the fire protection and general
safety instructions.
F. Security plan evaluation and testing and periodical revisions/updates
to procedures
Once a year,
the CEO, the COO, the Logistics Manager, the Warehouse Manager, the Dangerous
Goods Safety Adviser and representatives of the emergency services should
evaluate the security plans. The revision is confirmed by the Adviser’s
signature on the relevant document (annex to the security plan). If there
are significant modifications or comments, a special memorandum should be
completed, confirming related remarks and conclusions. Any evaluation of a
security plan should be performed in a practical manner by simulating the
events posing a potential threat to security in the context of activities
related to the transport of dangerous goods. The
evaluation should also assess how to respond, handle and notify the emergency
services. Event simulations should take place at least once every two years. Updating
a security plan should also take place promptly after the occurrence of changes
concerning the business itself, personnel or legal regulations. The update is
made by the Road Carriage of Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser who is preparing
the security plan. The update should be confirmed by the relevant entry in the
appropriate supporting document (annex to the security plan). Changes to the
plan may be the result of evaluations, testing and reviews.
G. Measures to ensure the physical security of the information flow that
is part of the security plan
The security
plan should be drawn up by two identical counterparts. The copies are stored
by:
Copy no. 1:
person no. 5 (Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser)
Copy no. 2:
person #2 (CEO)
H. Measures to ensure the access restriction to information about the
transport operations contained in the security plan
The
individuals authorized to access the security plan are:
CEO, COO,
Logistics Manager, Warehouse Manager, Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser,
representatives of the emergency services and the inspection authorities once
noted in access control document.
Annex 1 -
Employees covered in the high consequence dangerous goods security plan
Annex 2 - List
of reviews and updates
Annex 3 -
Access control document
Annex 4 -
Company address with in-house route maps included
4. CONCLUSION
The
protection of high consequence dangerous goods reduces the risk of the improper
use of dangerous goods, contrary to their purpose or in terrorist events. High
consequence dangerous goods security plans should refer to the ADR guidelines.
A security plan should be drawn up precisely, with adherence to the role that
the company is responsible for within the dangerous goods supply chain,
carrier safety responsibilities, and the class of the dangerous good
transported and the means of its transportation. Measures and procedures
designed to protect high consequence dangerous goods should be described in
details, considering their actionability. The adopted procedure should be
tested at regular intervals. If the simulation of the event involving high
consequence dangerous goods proves that the procedures do not fully
protect these goods, it should be modified, updated and reapplied. The optimal
coordination of activities and establishing duties commensurate with the responsibilities
of involved personnel involved in the work with high consequence dangerous
goods provides the environmental, health and safety protection in case of
accidents involving the usage of these goods contrary to their intended
purpose.
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Received 15.06.2016;
accepted in revised form 06.10.2016
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