Article
citation information:
Hudec, J., Šarkan, B., Caban,
J., Stopka, O. The impact of driving schools' training on fatal traffic accidents in
the Slovak Republic. Scientific Journal of
Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2021, 110, 45-57. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.110.4.
Juraj HUDEC[1],
Barnislav ŠARKAN[2],
Jacek CABAN[3],
Ondrej STOPKA[4]
THE
IMPACT OF DRIVING SCHOOLS' TRAINING ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE SLOVAK
REPUBLIC
Summary. This paper deals with
fatal traffic accidents in the period 2017-2019, caused by drivers who have
held driving licenses for less than five years. Specifically, it examines an
interconnection between these accidents and the driving schools being
completed by these drivers. Furthermore, it analyses whether the perpetrators
of traffic accidents with short driving experience are graduates of the same
driving schools, and thus, whether the occurrence of serious traffic accidents
is directly related to the quality of training in specific driving schools.
Keywords: road transport, road safety, accident rates,
drivers with short driving experience
1. INTRODUCTION
Every year,
the number of registered vehicles and traffic intensity increases, more and
more people get behind the steering wheeland become direct participants in road
traffic. Except for undoubted advantages, this causes a great growth of traffic
volume of the road network and a constantly increasing demand on traffic and
its safety [20,29,32]. Possession of a driving license and active utilisation
of a motor vehicle becomes an essential part of an individual’s daily
life. However, this is closely related to the increased risk of traffic
accidents, and unfortunately also those resulting in death. Road safety depends
on many factors, including the efficiency of the technical system and the
behaviour of the driver of the vehicle. Therefore, traffic accident rates
represent a serious societal problem with a huge impact on people's lives and
their property, hence, requires special attention [6,7,22]. Therefore, road
transport safety is a very complex issue, including the following factors:
technical [12,13,25], environmental [18,37,38], psychological [10,31], legal [14]
and socio-economic [17,23,33,35]. Besides, road transport safety is the subject
of activities of many states, social and international institutions.
Numerous
scientific publications have been devoted to the above-mentioned factors. For
example, Skrúcaný and Gnap [36] investigated dangers related to
heavy goods vehicle transportation under different loads and in varying
conditions of operating as well as during the braking process. In [12,13]
presents selected aspects of maintenance and reliability of vehicles safety
systems during its operation in a chosen transport company. Cernicky et al., [5]
suggest that one of the possibilities of reduction of the number of traffic
accidents in the Slovak Republic is the implementation of ITS on selected parts
of the road network. Jurecki et al., [18] investigated the behaviour of car
drivers in simulated surrounding situations of road traffic accidents. During
these tests, the simulation concerned a road traffic accident risk situation
involving pedestrians and passenger cars intruding into the road area. Ellison
et al., in work [16] identified drivers’ behaviours and their
relationship to the occurrence of a road traffic accidents risk. These
(individual) behavioural measures correctly predicted 68% of crash-involved
drivers (26 drivers) and 87% of non-crash-involved drivers (141 drivers) [16].
Road transport safety issues can be referred to as threats in the workplace,
especially in the case of professional drivers [24,30].
Alispahić
et al., [4], investigated the impact of young drivers training in the function
of road traffic safety. The education of drivers, especially younger ones, can
significantly affect road traffic safety and could contribute to environmental
protection as well as reduction of external costs [4]. Subsequently, an
accident rate of drivers with short driving experience has become a substantial
problem. According to statistics published by the Presidium of the Police Force
of the Slovak Republic [26-28], in a comparison of drivers depending on the
length of practice, showed that drivers holding driving licenses for less than
five years cause considerable fatal traffic accidents. The minimum limitation
for obtaining a driving license in the Slovak Republic is the age of 17.
Nevertheless, after obtaining a driving license, drivers do not have sufficient
experience in driving a motor vehicle, thus, becoming one of the riskiest
groups of drivers in the field of road safety [34]. In emergencies, driver
needs to make the right decision in a fraction of a second, which is related to
the reaction time. Such research was conducted, among others, by [15,19].
Since the
quality of training in driving schools is one of the factors affecting the
behaviour of this risky group of drivers and the occurrence of road traffic
accidents, the authors examine in this paper, the possible impact of driving
schools on road traffic accidents resulting in death.
2.
DATA AND METHODS
Driving
schools represent training and educational facilities registered under Act no.
93/2005 Coll. on driving schools (Act 93/2005 Coll., on driving schools) and on
the amendment of certain acts as amended [3]. Each driving school is registered
specially to provide education and training of participants in preparation for
an examination of professional competence for issuance of a license to drive
motor vehicles. A driving school is registered by the locally-competent
district office after fulfilling the stipulated legal conditions.
Such
a school must have a particular space at its disposal in which the driving
school operates, an office, a classroom, a training ground or a simulator,
training vehicles designed and approved to conduct courses for the group of
driving licenses for which the driving school is approved for [8].
Training
vehicles and driving school classrooms to ensure transparent training and
teaching (course) must be equipped with a permanently-mounted device enabling
data records on identity of the course participant and driving instructor
participating in practical training and theoretical course, and on journeys,
routes and driving times, times in classrooms as well as on the simulator. This
data is automatically transmitted from the devices to the Unified Road Traffic
Information System [1].
Every
single applicant for a driving license must undergo training in a driving
school to the extent being required. The scope and content of the course are
set out in the curriculum of driving courses issued by the Ministry of
Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic [11]. The course is divided
into theoretical and practical parts. The duration of a driving course depends
on the group of driving licenses for which the training is being conducted. For
instance, for the most requested group of driving license B (passenger car), it
is mandatory to complete 32 teaching hours in terms of theoretical lessons and
39 teaching hours of practical driving experience (in cases that a driving school
disposes of a training ground). One lesson lasts 45 minutes.
2.1. Traffic
accidents in the Slovak Republic in the period 2017-2019
Given
the observed period of 2017, 2018 and 2019, accident rates in the Slovak
Republic and their consequences were as follows (Table 1) [26,28]:
Tab.
1
Traffic
accidents in the Slovak Republic in terms of
severity of consequences during the period 2017-2019
|
Traffic accidents / period |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
|
Total number of traffic accidents |
14,013 |
13,902 |
13,741 |
|
Number of traffic accidents resulting in death or
affecting health |
5,317 |
5,287 |
5,101 |
|
Number
of dead persons |
250 |
229 |
245 |
|
Number of severely injured persons |
1,127 |
1,052 |
1,050 |
|
Number of slightly injured persons |
5,757 |
5,623 |
5,515 |
The
major causes of fatal accidents are very similar and reoccur every year, they
are as follows [14,24,28]:
·
violation of driver's
duties (that is, failure to pay full attention to driving and negligence of
road traffic situations; not giving priority to pedestrians who enter the road
and passes a pedestrian crossing; driving under reduced ability due to
accident, illness, nausea or fatigue),
·
speeding,
·
inappropriate driving
method (style),
·
violation of special
provisions on pedestrians,
·
improper overtaking,
·
violation of the road traffic
user's obligation,
·
wrong turn,
·
incorrect driving through
an intersection,
·
incorrect turning and
reversing,
·
incorrect entry into the
road.
2.2. Analysis
of the impact of driving schools' training on fatal traffic caused by drivers
with short driving experience in the period 2017-2019
For
this study, data was requested from the Presidium of the Police Force of the
Slovak Republic, regarding drivers with driving experience of up to five years
who caused traffic accidents resulting in death in 2017, 2018 and 2019.
Subsequently, all the accident perpetrators underwent an investigation to
determine the driving school they completed their driving training. Specific
input data was recorded and consequently listed in Table 2-4. Due to personal
data protection, only data necessary for the examination was summarised in the
tables. For the sake of proper distinction, individuals who completed their
driving training in a driving school located in one district, have their
schools marked with particular letters within one table. However, If the symbol
† appears next to any of the data value, it means that the accident
perpetrator died in the accident.
Tab.
2
Traffic
accidents resulting in death caused by drivers with
driving experience up to five years in 2017
|
No. |
Year of birth of the traffic accident perpetrator
resulting in death |
Year of obtaining the driving license of the traffic
accident perpetrator resulting in death |
The seat of the driving school (district) in which
the perpetrator underwent driving training |
|
1. |
1979 |
2015 |
Senica (Driving school A.) |
|
2. |
1980 |
2016 |
Lučenec (Driving school A.) |
|
3. |
1981 |
2013 |
Žiar nad Hronom |
|
4. |
1984 |
2017 |
Nitra |
|
5. |
1984 |
2017 |
Nové Zámky |
|
6. |
1987 |
2015 |
Liptovský Mikuláš |
|
7. |
1988 |
2012 |
Trnava (Driving school A.) |
|
8. |
1989 |
2016 |
Dunajská Streda |
|
9. |
1990 |
2012 |
Dunajská Streda |
|
10. |
1991 |
2012 |
Michalovce |
|
11. |
1992 |
2012 |
Trnava (Driving school B.) |
|
12. |
1992 |
2016 |
Košice |
|
13. |
1992 |
2012 |
Trnava (Driving school C.) |
|
14. |
1992 |
2014 |
Žilina |
|
15. |
1992 |
2013 |
Senica (Driving school B.) |
|
16. |
1994 |
2015 |
Košice-suburb |
|
17. |
1994† |
2016 |
Čadca (Driving school A.) |
|
18. |
1995† |
2014 |
Banská Bystrica |
|
19. |
1995 |
2013 |
Ružomberok |
|
20. |
1995 |
2014 |
Poprad |
|
21. |
1995 |
2012 |
Čadca (Driving school B.) |
|
22. |
1995 |
2013 |
Kežmarok |
|
23. |
1996 |
2016 |
Veľký Krtíš |
|
24. |
1996 |
2014 |
Topoľčany |
|
25. |
1996 |
2014 |
Nové Mesto nad Váhom |
|
26. |
1996 |
2014 |
Považská Bystrica |
|
27. |
1996 |
2014 |
Humenné |
|
28. |
1996 |
2015 |
Trenčín |
|
29. |
1996 |
2015 |
Senec |
|
30. |
1997 |
2016 |
Prešov |
|
31. |
1997 |
2015 |
Zvolen |
|
32. |
1997† |
2016 |
Lučenec (Driving school B.) |
Table 2 shows that in 2017, 32 drivers with driving
experience less than five years caused traffic accidents resulting in death.
However, none of the perpetrators was a graduate of the same driving school;
that is, each of them completed driver training in different driving schools.
Tab.
3
Traffic accidents resulting in
death caused by drivers with
driving experience up to five years in 2018
|
No. |
Year of birth of the traffic accident perpetrator
resulting in death |
Year of obtaining the driving license of the traffic
accident perpetrator resulting in death |
The seat of the driving school (district) in which
the perpetrator underwent driving training |
|
1. |
1979 |
2015 |
Prešov (Driving school A.) |
|
2. |
1984 |
2015 |
Žilina (Driving school A.) |
|
3. |
1986† |
2015 |
Nitra (Driving school A.) |
|
4. |
1988 |
2015 |
Trnava |
|
5. |
1990† |
2015 |
Nové Zámky |
|
6. |
1993 |
2014 |
Žilina (Driving school B.) |
|
7. |
1993 |
2013 |
Dunajská Streda |
|
8. |
1993 |
2014 |
Prešov (Driving school B.) |
|
9. |
1994† |
2016 |
Michalovce |
|
10. |
1995† |
2017 |
Nitra (Driving school B.) |
|
11. |
1995 |
2013 |
Žilina (Driving school C.) |
|
12. |
1995 |
2013 |
Spišská Nová Ves |
|
13. |
1995 |
2015 |
Partizánske |
|
14. |
1996 |
2014 |
Nové Mesto nad Váhom |
|
15. |
1996 |
2015 |
Považská Bystrica |
|
16. |
1997 |
2015 |
Galanta |
|
17. |
1997 |
2015 |
Žiar nad Hronom |
|
18. |
1997 |
2014 |
Zvolen (Driving school A.) |
|
19. |
1997† |
2015 |
Topoľčany |
|
20. |
1998 |
2016 |
Žilina (Driving school D.) |
|
21. |
1998 |
2015 |
Myjava |
|
22. |
1988 |
2017 |
Komárno (Driving school A.) |
|
23. |
1998 |
2017 |
Humenné |
|
24. |
1998 |
2015 |
Zvolen (Driving school B.) |
|
25. |
1998 |
2016 |
Malacky |
|
26. |
1998† |
2016 |
Dunajská Streda |
|
27. |
1999 |
2017 |
Snina |
|
28. |
1999 |
2016 |
Komárno (Driving school B.) |
|
29. |
1999 |
2016 |
Kežmarok |
|
30. |
1999 |
2016 |
Košice-suburb |
From
the table above, it is clear that in 2018, 30 drivers with driving experience
of up to five years caused traffic accidents resulting in death. Nonetheless,
in analogy to the previous year, none of the perpetrators was a graduate of the
same driving school. Each completed driver training in different driving
schools.
Tab.
4
Traffic accidents resulting in death caused by drivers
with
driving experience up to five years in 2019
|
No. |
Year of birth of the traffic accident perpetrator
resulting in death |
Year of obtaining the driving license of the traffic
accident perpetrator resulting in death |
The seat of the driving school (district) in which
the perpetrator underwent driving training |
|
1. |
1980 |
2018 |
Banská Bystrica |
|
2. |
1981† |
2015 |
Zvolen |
|
3. |
1982 |
2014 |
Partizánske |
|
4. |
1983 |
2018 |
Bratislava |
|
5. |
1987 |
2017 |
Dolný Kubín |
|
6. |
1988 |
2018 |
Levice (Driving school A.) |
|
7. |
1989 |
2018 |
Kežmarok |
|
8. |
1990 |
2017 |
Humenné (Driving school A.) |
|
9. |
1991 |
2015 |
Humenné (Driving school B.) |
|
10. |
1992 |
2014 |
Partizánske |
|
11. |
1994 |
2018 |
Levice (Driving school B.) |
|
12. |
1994 |
2018 |
Žilina
(Driving school A.) |
|
13. |
1950 |
2014 |
Hlohovec |
|
14. |
1995 |
2014 |
Nové Mesto nad Váhom |
|
15. |
1995 |
2015 |
Nitra (Driving school A.) |
|
16. |
1995 |
2015 |
Nitra (Driving school B.) |
|
17. |
1995 |
2019 |
Žilina
(Driving school A.) |
|
18. |
1995 |
2014 |
Žilina (Driving school B.) |
|
19. |
1995 |
2015 |
Michalovce (Driving school A.) |
|
20. |
1996 |
2014 |
Prešov (Driving school A.) |
|
21. |
1996 |
2015 |
Prešov (Autoškola B.) |
|
22. |
1996 |
2014 |
Košice |
|
23. |
1997 |
2015 |
Trnava |
|
24. |
1997 |
2014 |
Trenčín |
|
25. |
1997 |
2015 |
Michalovce (Driving school B.) |
|
26. |
1998 |
2016 |
Považská Bystrica |
|
27. |
1998 |
2018 |
Košice-suburb (Driving school A.) |
|
28. |
1998 |
2016 |
Košice-suburb (Driving school B.) |
|
29. |
1998 |
2019 |
Krupina |
|
30. |
1999 |
2017 |
Galanta |
|
31. |
1999 |
2019 |
Dunajská Streda |
|
32. |
1999 |
2019 |
Nové Zámky |
|
33. |
1999 |
2017 |
Hlohovec |
|
34. |
2000 |
2019 |
Skalica |
|
35. |
2000 |
2019 |
Rimavská Sobota |
|
36. |
2001 |
2018 |
Trstená |
|
37. |
2001 |
2019 |
Revúca |
Table
3 presents 37 drivers with driving experience less than five years caused
traffic accidents resulting in death in 2019. Only two of these perpetrators
were graduates of the same driving school (marked in red).
The
data above confirms that from 2017 to 2019,a total of 99 traffic accidents were
caused by drivers with less than five years of driving experience. Each of the
perpetrators of these accidents was a graduate of a distinct driving school,
except for two of them who graduated in the same driving school. This involved
the district of Zilina; with one person graduating from this driving school in
2018 and the other in 2019. Both fatal traffic accidents occurred in 2019.
On
the one hand, from the examined sample of drivers with driving experience of up
to five years who caused traffic accidents resulting in death in 2017-2019, it
was almost not detected that they were graduates of the same driving schools;
therefore, some driving schools educate drivers who cause fatal traffic
accidents to an increased extent than others. On the other hand, the examined
data does not verify the quality of training in driving schools in the Slovak
Republic to be at a sufficient level or whether the reason for the high
incidence of fatal accidents among drivers with short driving experience needs
to be sought in driving schools. Given the fact that the perpetrators of these
accidents are mostly from different driving schools, the results of an analysis
being conducted may also indicate that there is a systemic lack in the training
quality [18].
Lastly,
in this context, it should be noted that the investigated sample of traffic
accident perpetrators are composed of respondents from the whole Slovak
Republic and was quite low compared to the total number of registered driving
schools in the Slovak Republic as well as the number of driving licenses being
issued. For illustration, the following table (Table 5) summarises the data on
the number of registered driving schools and the issued driving licenses in the
period of 2017-2019 [27].
Tab.
5
Number of registered driving schools and
issued driving licenses (2017-2019)
|
Year |
Number of registered driving schools |
Number of driving licenses being issued |
|
2017 |
615 |
147 042 |
|
2018 |
609 |
144 873 |
|
2019 |
603 |
149 322 |
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – QUALITY OF
TRAINING IN DRIVING SCHOOLS
Each participant who has
undergone a driving school course training for driving a motor vehicle receives
a document from the driving school called “Certificate of Completion of
the Course”. This certificate is one of the documents to apply with in an
examination of professional competence of applicants for a driving license [2,9].
There is no formal difference among the certificates issued by the individual
driving schools, however, there may be huge differences among individual
driving training on which the certificates are issued. This lies in the quality
of training the driving school graduate paid for.
The quality of driving
school training cannot be formally measured. Rather, it is a kind of abstract
concept, which may be described by either individual preferences or general
interest. For example, from a driving course participant standpoint, a good
driving school is one, which has the lowest possible price, which he/she does
not have to attend and will provide him with a driving license. On the
contrary, in terms of the state, a good driving school is one that complies
with generally binding legal regulations, has its own suitable technical base
curriculum with experienced instructors, physically engaging participants in
driving courses where they receive full-featured driving training [18].
However, these preferences tend to be ambivalent. Participants cannot receive
high-quality training for a suspiciously low price for the course and vice
versa. Unfortunately, many participants are not aware of this simple rule, so
they prefer driving schools with a low-price course, even at the cost of the
negative consequences that may emerge from such a wrong choice [21]. Driving
schools are willing to meet their requirements and compete with each other in
not only prices, but also in the fact that the participant in the driving
course does not have to complete training at the driving school in full-range,
or even attend it at all. The low price of a driving course is usually
connected with non-participation in this training, which of course is illegal.
The results of the control activities of the Ministry of Transport and
Construction of the Slovak Republic in driving schools have constantly proven
this phenomenon.
For instance, in 2019, in
driving schools, inspections for teaching the theoretical background were
conducted, discovering that 15 of 18 inspected classrooms of driving schools,
in which teaching the theory was supposed to take place, had no participant
present in them, and no full-participation was recorded in the remaining 3
classrooms. Of the total number of driving schools being inspected, in four
classrooms, no identification device was available, that is, participants were
fictitiously identified by driving school instructors from different
non-approved areas without their presence in the theoretical course of these
driving schools. From the conducted inspections, the total number of identified
persons was 169, while 160 of them were not present in the classrooms during
the inspection. These were random inspections of driving schools throughout the
Slovak Republic.
Fig. 1. Graphic
illustration of non-participation in driving school lesson found by
the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic
Other negative facts found
out during the inspections include: a significant part of driving schools
carried out their practical driving courses in road traffic or in a training
ground without the physical participation of an identified participant in the
vehicle, with the instructor being alone in the driver's seat, or the persons
sitting in the vehicle misleadingly identified (the instructor was
identified as another instructor or as a course participant, etc.) [26,37].
Furthermore, inspections
conducted by the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic
have confirmed that during 2018 and 2019, up to 265 participants in driving
courses did not complete training at all in three driving schools; yet, driving
licenses were issued to them. Courses and lessons related to teaching the
theory and practical training with these people were fictitiously reported and
not taught. In most cases, participants in such driving courses never attended
any driving school. After reporting the entire training, such
"graduates" were subsequently registered for examination of
professional competence of applicants for driving licenses. Fictitious courses
were conducted for passenger cars, trucks (freight vehicles), tractors,
motorcycles, as well as buses [26,28].
The inspections' findings in association with
driving schools in the Slovak Republic resulted in a statement that the high
incidence of fraud in this field is a long-term issue and, if this is defined
as one of the criteria for the quality of driving schools' training, then it is
not of a high level from this point of view. Although specific criteria for the
quality of driving schools' training are not clearly defined, it generally
applies that without the participation of students in driving training, grave
consequences would ensue.
4.
CONCLUSIONS
The paper aimed to
find out whether some driving schools, more than others, produce to an increased
extent, drivers who cause fatal accidents, and also whether the occurrence of
serious traffic accidents is directly related to the quality of training in
particular driving schools. The aforementioned was investigated on 99
perpetrators of traffic accidents resulting in death, caused from 2017 to 2019
by drivers who have held driving licenses for less than five years. An analysis
of the data being investigated showed that each of these accidents'
perpetrators was a graduate of a distinct driving school, except for two that
graduated from the same driving school. Concerning the rest, however, the occurrence
of this phenomenon is insignificant.
Following the above,
it has not been proven that some driving schools educate more drivers who cause
more fatal accidents than others do. Simultaneously, however, the analysis
findings may indicate that this involves a systemic shortcoming in the quality
of driving schools' training since the perpetrators of fatal traffic accidents
are mostly from numerous driving schools throughout the Slovak Republic. This
especially applies if the share of drivers with short driving experiences that
cause fatal accidents to other groups of drivers is high, as is the incidence
and severity of deficiencies identified in the operation of the driving
schools.
Many factors affect
the occurrence of fatal accidents. By identifying, recognising and analysing
them, as well as taking proper actions, it is possible to make some progress
towards eliminating their impact. As far as driving schools are concerned, in
addition to effective repression for violating legal regulations, one of the measures
could be, for example, a change in the curriculum of driving courses with
special emphasis on teaching and training in areas where the most common causes
of traffic accidents occur.
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Received 20.07.2020; accepted in revised form 25.10.2020
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