Article
citation information:
Macioszek, E. Conditions of oversize
cargo transport. Scientific Journal of
Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2019, 102, 109-117. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2019.102.9.
Elżbieta MACIOSZEK[1]
CONDITIONS OF OVERSIZE CARGO TRANSPORT
Summary. The transport of oversize cargo is
distinguished by its specificity on the market of transport services.
Specialised equipment is required for its implementation, and the number of
people involved in the transport process itself is much higher than in the case
of classic road transport. This paper presents the conditions related to the
transport of oversize loads, characterised basic types of oversized cargo with
the indication of the required documents related to the transport of this type
of cargo. The method of preparation and organisation of oversize cargo
transportation, as well as conditions of piloting vehicles with oversize
cargoes, also are described.
Keywords: transport, oversize
cargo, type of oversize cargo
1. INTRODUCTION
According to the common
definition [27], transport is a separate set of activities related to the
movement of persons and material goods using appropriate means of transport.
Transport includes both the movement itself from place to place and all
activities necessary to achieve this goal, that is, loading operations
(loading, reloading, unloading) and handling activities (for example, fees).
When talking about the transport of goods, the difference between the two
concepts should be made: transport goods and cargo transport. The transport
goods is called a load from the moment it is placed inside the means of
transport. Loads can be divided for example, into: bulk and groupage, dry and
liquid, full load and collective, spatial and weighing, conventional and
single, ordinary and courier. We can also distinguish special loads, which
include: dangerous loads and oversized loads (also called non-standard,
over-metric or oversized).
In
- The Act of 21 March
1985, as amended, on public roads (Dz.U. 1985 No 14, poz. 605) [11].
- Act of 6 September 2001
on road transport (Dz.U. 2001 No 125, poz. 1371) [10].
- Regulation of the
Minister of Infrastructure of 16 December 2004 on detailed conditions and
procedure for issuing permits for passage of non-normative vehicles (Dz.U. 2004
No 267, poz. 2660) [17].
- Regulation of the
Minister of Infrastructure of 26 April 2004 on vehicles performing pilotage
(Dz.U. 2004 No 110, poz. 1165) [18].
- Regulation of 28 June
1986 on the principles of competent authorities and the procedure for
determining costs associated with defining routes and adapting road sections
for the transport of loads with weight and dimensions exceeding the permissible
norms for the passage of non-normative vehicles (Dz.U. 1986 No 27, poz. 133) [21].
- Regulation of 31
December 2002 on the technical conditions of vehicles and the obligatory
equipment (Dz.U. 2003 No 32, poz. 262 with later changes) [16].
- Regulation on 30
December 2002 on road traffic control (Dz.U. 2002 No 14, poz. 144) [19].
- Regulation of 15 January
2002 on road tolls (Dz.U. 2002 No 8, poz. 60) [25].
In turn, the conditions
for the carriage of oversized cargo by rail are regulated by:
- Regulations on the
transport of cargo shipments (RPT) PKP CARGO [24].
- Regulation of the
Minister of Transport of 7 June 2006 on the type and conditions of transport of
things that may cause transport difficulties on the railway (Dz.U. 2006 No 108,
poz. 746) [20].
In inland waterways
transport of over-sized cargo is defined by a group of legal act:
- Local law regulations
issued by territorially competent directors of inland waterways offices.
- Regulation of the
Minister of Infrastructure of 28 April 2003 on shipping regulations on inland
waterways (Dz.U. 2003 No 212, poz. 2072) [15].
In
the case of air transport, the conditions of carriage of oversize cargo are
regulated by the Act of 3 July 2002 - Aviation Law (Dz.U. 2002 No 130, poz.
1112), relating to legal relations in the field of civil aviation [13].
However, in maritime transport, the document regulating legal relations related
to sea shipping is the Act of 18 September 2001, the Maritime Code (Dz.U. 2001
No. 138, poz. 1545) [12]. In sea transport, however, there are no dedicated
legal acts concerning oversize cargo, so they can follow the usual guidelines
for safe securing of cargo on a sea-going ship.
This
paper presents the conditions related to the transport of oversize loads, characterised
basic types of oversized cargo with the indication of the required documents
related to the transport of this type of cargo. The method of preparation
and organisation of oversized cargo transportation, as well as conditions of
piloting vehicles with oversize cargoes, are also described.
The
subject of transport of oversize cargo due to its specificity has already been
reflected in numerous scientific works, among others in [1,5-9,14].
2. TYPES OF OVERSIZED CARGO AND DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE TRANSPORT
Oversized cargo can be
distinguished as non-standard weight, size and shape that deviates from the
standard ones. Special means of transport and reloading machines are necessary
to handle and withstand the weight of the load or unusual shape or size of this
type of cargo. According to [22], oversize loads can be divided into different
categories, taking into account their shape, weight and dimensions for the
following types [2,3]:
- Ordinary: These are
steel constructions, small machines, industrial equipment, and working
machines. The weight of these loads does not exceed 25 tons. These loads are
transported by road sets, which are equipped with appropriate marking and
security devices. Their dimensions exceed slightly acceptable parameters for road
transport (that is, length 15.0 -
- Special:
Dimensions of these loads exceed the dimensions of the vehicle. The transport
of these loads requires the establishment of special road traffic conditions.
Transport must be carried out on a specific route. The dimensions of special
loads can even reach such values as
- Heavy: Various
types of devices, silos, tanks, machine parts, equipment housings, tram and
railway carriages. The weight of this type of loads is between 70.0 - 100.0
tons.
- Heavy
with concentrated mass: These have a heavy weight in relation to their volume.
The weight of some of them can reach up to 200.0 - 300.0 tons. Heavy loads of
concentrated mass include, among others, transformers or turbines. This type of
heavy loads can be transported overland, but only with the use of special
multi-axle trailers. This oversized load transport may also take place by rail.
- Heavy
spatial: These can only be transported by sea or inland waterways. The weight
of this type of load can be as high as 900.0 tons, while the height of
- Long: The
length of these often reaches 40.0 -
Depending on the type of
oversize cargo being carried, different types of transport documents are
required. Requirements regarding documentation are defined in art. 87 of the
Act of 6 September 2001 on road transport [10]. The driver while performing
this type of transport should show, at the request of an authorised inspection
body, tachograph records, driver card and such documents as [10,28]:
- in the case of road
transport, an extract from the authorisation to pursue the occupation of road
transport operator or an excerpt from the license.
- in the case of road
transport of goods, documents related to the transported cargo as well as:
appropriate permit required in international road transport, certificate
required in accordance with the agreement on international transport of
perishable foodstuffs and on special means of transport intended for such
transport (ATP), vehicle passage, with or without cargo, with weight, axle
loads or dimensions exceeding the values specified in separate regulations,
documents required for the carriage of animals, documents required for the
carriage of waste, including for the transporting waste issued by the competent
authority confirmation of the possession of the registration number referred to
in the Act of 14 December 2012 on waste (Dz. U. from 2013 year poz. 21), if the
entry in the register is required, a certificate confirming that the vehicle
meets the relevant safety requirements or conditions for entry into service, if
required, in international road transport - driver's certificate, if required,
device referred to in art. 13 and par. 3 of the Act of 21 March 1985 on public
roads.
3. PREPARATION AND ORGANISATION OF OVERSIZED CARGO TRANSPORT
In Poland, Directive
2002/7/WE of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 18
February 2002 [23] is in force for vehicles using roads within the territory of
the community, the maximum permitted dimensions of vehicles in domestic and
international traffic and maximum permitted loads in international traffic.
They are as follows: the maximum permitted length of vehicles is:
- motor vehicle -
- articulated vehicle -
- road train -
The maximum allowed
width of vehicles is:
- all vehicles -
- superstructure of
refrigerated vehicles -
The maximum height
allowed for vehicles is
Maximum permissible
vehicle weights:
- road trains or
articulated vehicles - 40,0 tons.
- articulated vehicles
transporting forty - foot containers - 44.0 tons.
The Directive [23] also
allows carriers in EU countries to allow vehicles in their own territory, which
are intended for the transport of goods whose parameters do not meet the
above-mentioned conditions. This is enabled by a special permit, which is
issued by the relevant state authorities. It is also possible to organise this
kind of transport without having such permission. This second option in
accordance with the Directive allows the execution of well-defined operations
in the transport of oversize vehicles, which are necessary, as exemplified by
the logging of trees in the forestry industry. In this case, the oversize
vehicle can be replaced by an oversized road train consisting of vehicles,
trailers or semi-trailers in accordance with the applicable parameters.
In
- applicant's data, including the list of persons performing transport.
- date and exact address of the source and destination place.
- type of cargo and its mass and brand.
- type, registration number, date of first registration.
- own weight, permissible load capacity.
- number of vehicle axles and number of wheels on each axle (in the case
of a combination of vehicles, these data are given separately for the motor vehicle
and trailer, including semi-trailers).
- dimensions and the actual total weight of a single vehicle or
combination of vehicles with and without load.
- wheelbase and pressures of each axle of the vehicle together with the
load and without load.
- for non-standard vehicles with an actual total weight exceeding the
permissible total weight or with exceeded axle load norms, the consignor's
statement justifying that the carried cargo cannot be divided into smaller
parts.
- information on whether the
vehicle has pneumatic or equivalent suspension.
Issuing the permits is
handled by the starosta, who may issue two types of permits:
- for an indefinite period of time for journeys of an over-sized low-speed
vehicle, agricultural tractor or special vehicle, the width of which does not
exceed
- for a definite period of time for an oversize vehicle, the length of
which is greater than the maximum permissible by
Permission for one-time
travel at a specified time and after a well-established route of oversized
vehicles other than those mentioned above is issued by GDDKiA (General Director
of National Roads and Motorways). Such permits are issued for a period of 7
days, and the transit should not be longer than 72 hours. In addition, the
customs office issues the permit for a single passage on national roads at a
specific time of the vehicle that crosses the state border when entering the
territory of the
- height, total weight and axle loads are normative.
- overall width does not exceed
- the total length is greater than the permissible maximum by
- the pressure of the single axle or the sum of the pressures of the
component axes or both elements jointly exceed the permissible values by no
more than 15%.
In the case of
transporting oversize cargo, it is required to use the services of a
specialised pilot company and police pilotage. This is precisely regulated by
the Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 26 April 2004 on vehicles
that perform this type of pilotage. The tasks to start with are: identification
of cargo, checking transport capacity and selection of appropriate vehicles.
The next thing that needs to be done is the detailed development of the optimal
route. Particular attention should be paid to the width of roads, the height
and width of overpasses and bridges, signs and poles next to roads,
roundabouts, specific vehicle pressure on the road, electric traction and the
condition of roads where the vehicle is planned to travel with oversize cargo.
The road on which the vehicle is planned to travel with oversize cargo must
meet the following requirements:
- there are no breakthroughs and landslides on the way.
- the vertical gauge of the road is greater than the height of the vehicle
together with the load by
- horizontal road gauge is greater than the width of the vehicle together
with the load by
- the assessment of the technical condition of the platform is equal to or
greater than 3 (on a scale from 0 to 5).
4. CONDITIONS FOR THE SUPERVISION OF OVERSIZE CARGO TRANSPORT
The duties of the pilot
during the transport of oversize cargo is to ensure the proper organisation of
the trip, as well as direct supervision of the passage of vehicles both during
the journey and during the stoppage. The pilot is therefore obliged to ensure
maximum safety and minimise road distress. According to road traffic
regulations, the pilot may, to some extent, manage traffic at a certain stretch
of road or at a given point of transport infrastructure. A pilot who issues
signals and commands takes precedence over light signals and road signs. The
rights of a pilot vehicle that is properly marked can be compared to that of a
privileged vehicle. This vehicle, however, must be specially equipped and marked.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Transport is one of the most important sectors
of the economy of any economically developed country. At present, it is
difficult to imagine the global economy without a network of roads and
vehicles. The development of transport companies operating in current markets is associated with a
continuous increase in demand for transport services. Both in Poland and in the
world, new transport companies are created to provide these services,
this, in turn, results in increased competition and competition for the
customer in the transport market.
Transportation of oversize cargo is a specific
field in the service market. Specialised equipment is
required, and the number of people involved in the transport process itself is
much higher than in the case of classic road transport. The difficulty in
carrying out this type of transport is indicated in the number of required permits for transit, with
completely unadapted road infrastructure at many points of the transport
network. In turn, the disadvantage of oversize transport is usually a long time
of transport from the point of origin to the destination because of frequent
restrictions and low speed.
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Received 05.12.2018; accepted in revised form 19.02.2019
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