Article citation information:
Urbańczyk, R. Road safety in the EU: comparisons in the
period 2001-2016. Scientific Journal of
Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2017, 97, 189-200.
ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2017.97.17.
Roman URBAŃCZYK[1]
ROAD
SAFETY IN THE EU: COMPARISONS IN THE PERIOD
2001-2016
Summary. This article presents traffic safety
statistics in the area of the EU. Changes in the number of deaths and injuries
and the number of accidents have been reported since 2001, given the
initiatives taken since this year to implement safety improvement programmes.
The statistics on traffic accidents and the number of deaths in each EU country
are presented. The situation concerning Poland among the EU countries is also
presented by creating a classification that takes into account additional
reference factors.
Keywords: road traffic safety; statistics of
accidents and fatalities
1. INTRODUCTION
Safety is one of the six main
aspects of the negative impact of transport (the others being congestion,
energy intensity, land use intensity, noise emissions and noise) [2-4,12,13]. In many EU documents and guidelines, attention is
drawn to the need to improve transport systems in terms of improving safety.
The EU’s road safety objectives and strategies have been defined, among others,
in the following documents: Keep Europe
Moving - Sustainable Mobility for Our Continent. Mid-term Review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper
[5], Saving 20 000 Lives on Our Roads: A Shared Responsibility and the Report on the European Road Safety Action
Programme: Halving the Number of Road Accident Victims in the European Union by
2010 - A Shared Responsibility [6]. Changes in this area are visible across
the EU, but there are still too many fatalities on the roads.
The article aims to highlight the
changes made in order to improve road safety in the EU from 2001 to 2016. 2001
was chosen as the reference point for the actions taken in this regard, while
2008 was chosen as a stage when the implemented actions would be reviewed. As
another eight years have passed since then, another summary in this respect is
justified. Therefore, the statistics show the number of killed and injured
people, and road accidents, while referring to the factors related to
individual EU countries. In the second part of the article, countries are
classified according to different factors, while the situation in Poland is
presented.
2. ROAD SAFETY STATISTICS
Between 2001 and 2016, significant changes
in traffic safety statistics are visible (Figs. 1-6 and Table 1). Significant
improvements in safety have been observed in most EU countries. The largest
decrease in the number of killed people is in Lithuania (72.8% in comparison
with 2001). At the same time, the number of accidents (Spain, Bulgaria, Malta
and Luxembourg) and injured people (Bulgaria, Malta and Luxembourg) has increased
in several countries. The problem of improving safety is still valid.
Fig. 1. Reduction in
road injuries in EU countries in 2008 compared to 2001, 2016 compared to 2008,
and 2016 compared to 2001 (in %); own research based on [7,9-11]
Fig. 2. Reduction in
road fatalities in EU countries in 2008 compared to 2001, 2016 compared to
2008, and 2016 compared to 2001 (in %); own research based on [7,9-11]
Fig. 3. Reduction in
road fatalities for selected EU countries in the period 2000-2016 (in terms
of the number of road fatalities); own research based on [7,9-11]
Fig. 4. Reduction in
road accidents in EU countries in 2008 compared to 2001, 2016 compared to 2008,
and 2016 compared to 2001 (in %); own research based on [7,9-11]
Fig. 5. Ratio of the
number of injuries persons per 100 accidents in EU countries in 2001, 2008 and
2016; own research based on [11]
For the data collected, the total
reduction in the number of road deaths in 2016 (in relation to 2001) reached
30,000 people. In all the countries analysed, there was also a decrease in the
seriousness of accidents (the number of deaths attributable to traffic
accidents; Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Reduction in
road accidents in EU countries in 2008 compared to 2001, 2016 compared to 2008,
and 2016 compared to 2001 (in %); own research based on [11]
Table 1 shows changes in the number
of deaths in terms of population in each EU country. In 2016, these values
were, respectively, for the number of injuries in the range 0.57-5.57, for the
number of killed in the range 0.03-0.08, and for the number of accidents in the
range 0.50-4.43.
Tab. 1
Road safety in EU countries in relation to the
number of inhabitants: comparison for 2001, 2008 and 2016
|
Country |
Number of injuries |
Number of fatalities |
Number of accidents |
||||||
|
2001 |
2008 |
2016* |
2001 |
2008 |
2016* |
2001 |
2008 |
2016* |
|
|
Austria |
7.00 |
6.07 |
5.57 |
0.12 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
5.36 |
4.71 |
4.43 |
|
Belgium |
6.35 |
6.02 |
4.53 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
4.61 |
4.56 |
3.54 |
|
Czech Republic |
3.30 |
2.74 |
2.57 |
0.13 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
2.55 |
2.16 |
2.03 |
|
Denmark |
1.58 |
1.08 |
0.57 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
1.28 |
0.91 |
0.50 |
|
Estonia |
1.76 |
1.79 |
1.39 |
0.14 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
1.36 |
1.40 |
1.11 |
|
Finland |
1.62 |
1.60 |
1.07 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
1.24 |
1.30 |
0.86 |
|
France |
2.51 |
1.46 |
1.09 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
1.91 |
1.16 |
0.86 |
|
Germany |
6.01 |
4.98 |
4.83 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
4.56 |
3.90 |
3.75 |
|
Greece |
2.42 |
1.72 |
1.28 |
0.17 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
1.81 |
1.36 |
1.05 |
|
Hungary |
2.37 |
2.53 |
2.23 |
0.12 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
1.82 |
1.91 |
1.69 |
|
Ireland |
2.64 |
1.76 |
1.68 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
1.79 |
1.24 |
1.25 |
|
Italy |
6.55 |
5.28 |
4.11 |
0.12 |
0.08 |
0.05 |
4.62 |
3.72 |
2.90 |
|
Latvia |
2.50 |
2.48 |
2,36 |
0,22 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
2.04 |
1.93 |
1.93 |
|
Lithuania |
2.05 |
1.82 |
1.30 |
0.20 |
0.16 |
0.07 |
1.72 |
1.50 |
1.11 |
|
Luxembourg |
2.67 |
2.54 |
2.37 |
0.16 |
0.07 |
0.06 |
1.75 |
1.90 |
1.73 |
|
Netherlands |
0.69 |
0.53 |
|
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.65 |
0.54 |
|
|
Poland |
1.78 |
1.63 |
1.07 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
1.41 |
1.29 |
0.89 |
|
Portugal |
5.48 |
4.15 |
3.95 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
4.10 |
3.18 |
3.08 |
|
Slovak Republic |
2.02 |
2.05 |
1.28 |
0.12 |
0.11 |
0.05 |
1.52 |
1.55 |
1.03 |
|
Slovenia |
6.36 |
6.14 |
4.10 |
0.14 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
4.62 |
4.42 |
3.15 |
|
Spain |
3.66 |
2,85 |
3,02 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
2.46 |
2.03 |
2.20 |
|
Sweden |
2.51 |
2.85 |
1.89 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
1.78 |
2.00 |
1.43 |
|
UK |
5.46 |
3.85 |
2.98 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
4.00 |
2.86 |
2.24 |
* Data for Ireland,
Luxembourg, Portugal and the UK are from 2015 (in the entire paper)
3. COMPARING POLAND WITH OTHER EU
COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF ROAD SAFETY FACTORS
In Poland, road safety
measures have implemented over a long period. The report, Traffic Safety in Poland, from 1992 is considered one of the major
steps in this regard [1], leading to related initiatives at various levels.
According to the GAMBIT 2000 (Integrated Road Safety Programme, which was
implemented in 2001, the aim was to reduce the number of traffic fatalities to
3,500 people a year by 2010, and 2,800 people per year by 2013 [8].
Unfortunately, Poland failed to achieve these goals, although it must be
admitted that the number of people killed in Poland has decreased
significantly.
In 2016, Poland ranked
fourth among EU countries in terms of the number of road deaths (Fig. 7). This
represents major progress because, for many years, it was in first place. It
should be noted that improved safety is evident, despite the increase in road
density (Fig. 8) and the number of passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants (Fig.
9).
Fig. 7. Distribution of road fatalities in EU countries in 2016 (in %);
own research based on [11]
Fig. 8. Road density in all EU
countries and in Poland in 2016; own research based on [11]
Tables 2-16 present various classifications for EU countries depending
on the criteria in the field of road safety. As can be seen from the list in
Tables 4 and 10, Poland was ranked fifth in terms of reducing the number of
injuries and sixth in terms of reducing the number of accidents among EU
countries. Unfortunately, the reduction in the number of deaths is no longer so
high (Table 7), having reached 45.32% in 2001 (compared with 2001), while the
maximum value for this statistic is 72.80%.
|
Tab. 2 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road injuries in 2008, compared to 2001 |
|
Tab. 3 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road injuries in 2016, compared to 2008 |
|
Tab. 4 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road injuries in 2016, compared to 2001 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
France |
38.90 |
|
Denmark |
45.50 |
|
Denmark |
61.87 |
|
Denmark |
30.03 |
|
Slovak Republic |
37.13 |
|
France |
52.68 |
|
Greece |
27.82 |
|
Lithuania |
35.24 |
|
Greece |
47.69 |
|
UK |
26.34 |
|
Croatia |
34.82 |
|
Lithuania |
46.95 |
|
Portugal |
22.90 |
|
Poland |
34.35 |
|
Poland |
40.22 |
|
Ireland |
22.51 |
|
Slovenia |
31.86 |
|
UK |
39.87 |
|
Netherlands |
20.66 |
|
Finland |
30.84 |
|
Slovak Republic |
35.96 |
|
Lithuania |
18.09 |
|
Sweden |
28.90 |
|
Croatia |
33.93 |
|
Germany |
17.33 |
|
Greece |
27.53 |
|
Slovenia |
33.28 |
|
Italy |
16.75 |
|
Estonia |
23.48 |
|
Italy |
33.25 |
|
Czech Republic |
15.37 |
|
France |
22.55 |
|
Finland |
30.00 |
|
Spain |
12.47 |
|
Belgium |
20.56 |
|
Portugal |
27.94 |
|
Austria |
10.21 |
|
Italy |
19.81 |
|
Estonia |
24.89 |
|
Poland |
8.94 |
|
UK |
18.37 |
|
Ireland |
23.30 |
|
Latvia |
7.59 |
|
Latvia |
14.05 |
|
Belgium |
21.60 |
|
Malta |
4.77 |
|
Hungary |
13.53 |
|
Latvia |
20.57 |
|
Slovenia |
2.08 |
|
Portugal |
6.54 |
|
Germany |
19.83 |
|
Estonia |
1.84 |
|
Bulgaria |
5.81 |
|
Czech Republic |
19.58 |
|
Belgium |
1.31 |
|
Czech Republic |
4.98 |
|
Sweden |
16.42 |
|
Finland |
-1.21 |
|
Austria |
4.21 |
|
Austria |
13.99 |
|
Croatia |
-1.37 |
|
Germany |
3.03 |
|
Hungary |
9.16 |
|
Slovak Republic |
-1.85 |
|
Ireland |
1.02 |
|
Spain |
6.16 |
|
Hungary |
-5.05 |
|
Spain |
-7.21 |
|
Luxembourg |
-14.43 |
|
Luxembourg |
-5.18 |
|
Luxembourg |
-8.80 |
|
Bulgaria |
-17.41 |
|
Sweden |
-17.55 |
|
Malta |
-46.93 |
|
Malta |
-39.92 |
|
Bulgaria |
-24.65 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fig. 9. Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants in EU countries and in
Poland in 2000-2016;
own research based on [11]
|
Tab. 5 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road fatalities in 2008, compared to 2001 |
|
Tab. 6 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road fatalities |
|
Tab. 7 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road fatalities in 2016, compared to 2001 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luxembourg |
50.00 |
|
Lithuania |
61.52 |
|
Lithuania |
72.80 |
|
France |
47.61 |
|
Slovak Republic |
54.62 |
|
Latvia |
69.44 |
|
Portugal |
47.04 |
|
Croatia |
53.77 |
|
Estonia |
68.34 |
|
Spain |
43.81 |
|
Estonia |
52.27 |
|
Spain |
67.19 |
|
Latvia |
38.88 |
|
Latvia |
50.00 |
|
Portugal |
64.51 |
|
Belgium |
36.47 |
|
Denmark |
48.03 |
|
France |
57.39 |
|
Germany |
35.83 |
|
Greece |
47.46 |
|
Belgium |
57.13 |
|
Estonia |
33.67 |
|
Poland |
44.34 |
|
Greece |
56.60 |
|
Italy |
33.41 |
|
Czech Republic |
43.22 |
|
Slovak Republic |
56.00 |
|
Ireland |
32.12 |
|
Spain |
41.61 |
|
Austria |
54.91 |
|
Sweden |
31.90 |
|
Slovenia |
39.25 |
|
Ireland |
54.74 |
|
Netherlands |
30.75 |
|
Hungary |
39.06 |
|
Czech Republic |
54.20 |
|
Lithuania |
29.32 |
|
Romania |
37.59 |
|
Germany |
54.05 |
|
Austria |
29.12 |
|
Austria |
36.38 |
|
Italy |
53.73 |
|
UK |
26.49 |
|
Ireland |
33.33 |
|
Sweden |
53.69 |
|
Slovenia |
23.02 |
|
Bulgaria |
33.27 |
|
Slovenia |
53.24 |
|
Finland |
20.55 |
|
Portugal |
32.99 |
|
Croatia |
52.55 |
|
Hungary |
19.61 |
|
Belgium |
32.52 |
|
Denmark |
51.04 |
|
Czech Republic |
19.34 |
|
Sweden |
31.99 |
|
Hungary |
51.01 |
|
Greece |
17.39 |
|
UK |
31.80 |
|
UK |
49.86 |
|
Malta |
6.25 |
|
Italy |
30.52 |
|
Luxembourg |
48.57 |
|
Denmark |
5.80 |
|
Germany |
28.39 |
|
Poland |
45.32 |
|
Slovak Republic |
3.04 |
|
Malta |
26.67 |
|
Netherlands |
42.66 |
|
Poland |
1.75 |
|
Finland |
25.58 |
|
Finland |
40.88 |
|
Croatia |
-2.63 |
|
France |
18.67 |
|
Malta |
31.25 |
|
Bulgaria |
-4.95 |
|
Netherlands |
17.20 |
|
Bulgaria |
29.97 |
|
Romania |
-24.54 |
|
Luxembourg |
-2.86 |
|
Romania |
22.27 |
|
Tab. 8 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road accidents in 2008, compared to 2001 |
|
Tab. 9 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road accidents in 2016, compared to 2008 |
|
Tab. 10 Classification of EU countries in relation to a reduction in
road accidents in 2016, compared to 2001 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
France |
36.20 |
|
Denmark |
42.59 |
|
Denmark |
57.99 |
|
Denmark |
26.83 |
|
Croatia |
33.80 |
|
France |
50.73 |
|
UK |
25.22 |
|
Lithuania |
33.01 |
|
Lithuania |
46.20 |
|
Greece |
23.32 |
|
Slovak Republic |
32.85 |
|
Greece |
42.29 |
|
Portugal |
20.95 |
|
Poland |
31.37 |
|
UK |
38.17 |
|
Lithuania |
19.69 |
|
Finland |
31.26 |
|
Poland |
37.43 |
|
Ireland |
19.24 |
|
Slovenia |
27.33 |
|
Italy |
33.18 |
|
Italy |
16.78 |
|
Greece |
24.73 |
|
Slovak Republic |
31.52 |
|
Netherlands |
14.91 |
|
Sweden |
23.89 |
|
Croatia |
31.15 |
|
Germany |
14.58 |
|
France |
22.78 |
|
Slovenia |
29.39 |
|
Czech Republic |
13.62 |
|
Estonia |
21.99 |
|
Finland |
26.68 |
|
Latvia |
11.96 |
|
Italy |
19.72 |
|
Portugal |
24.85 |
|
Austria |
9.05 |
|
Belgium |
17.88 |
|
Estonia |
22.78 |
|
Poland |
8.82 |
|
UK |
17.31 |
|
Latvia |
20.44 |
|
Spain |
7.20 |
|
Hungary |
13.28 |
|
Germany |
17.90 |
|
Slovenia |
2.84 |
|
Latvia |
9.63 |
|
Czech Republic |
17.83 |
|
Estonia |
1.01 |
|
Bulgaria |
7.97 |
|
Ireland |
15.60 |
|
Slovak Republic |
-1.98 |
|
Portugal |
4.94 |
|
Belgium |
15.49 |
|
Belgium |
-2.92 |
|
Czech Republic |
4.87 |
|
Sweden |
11.05 |
|
Hungary |
-3.62 |
|
Germany |
3.89 |
|
Austria |
10.70 |
|
Croatia |
-4.00 |
|
Austria |
1.80 |
|
Hungary |
10.15 |
|
Finland |
-6.67 |
|
Malta |
-3.31 |
|
Spain |
-1.96 |
|
Malta |
-12.23 |
|
Ireland |
-4.50 |
|
Bulgaria |
-10.36 |
|
Sweden |
-16.88 |
|
Luxembourg |
-6.04 |
|
Malta |
-15.94 |
|
Luxembourg |
-19.77 |
|
Spain |
-9.88 |
|
Luxembourg |
-27.00 |
|
Bulgaria |
-19.91 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tables 11-13 show the indicators
related to road safety in EU countries for 2016. Only in one case (Table 12) is
Poland in the first 10 among EU countries.
|
Tab. 11 Classification of EU countries in relation to the number of
road injuries |
|
Tab. 12 Classification of EU countries in relation to the number of
road fatalities |
|
Tab. 13 Classification of EU countries in relation to the number of
road accidents |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Malta |
5,379.75 |
|
Malta |
34.81 |
|
Malta |
49,063.29 |
|
Belgium |
1,687.99 |
|
Belgium |
21.01 |
|
Belgium |
1,322.17 |
|
Germany |
1,109.94 |
|
Netherlands |
18.43 |
|
Germany |
862.24 |
|
Italy |
844.33 |
|
Luxembourg |
13.92 |
|
UK |
602.87 |
|
UK |
800.46 |
|
Italy |
11.12 |
|
Italy |
595.67 |
|
Austria |
587.23 |
|
Poland |
9.88 |
|
Austria |
466.77 |
|
Luxembourg |
521.27 |
|
Germany |
8.97 |
|
Luxembourg |
380.12 |
|
Portugal |
444.08 |
|
Romania |
8.02 |
|
Portugal |
346.46 |
|
Slovenia |
419.76 |
|
Czech Republic |
7.91 |
|
Slovenia |
322.41 |
|
Czech Republic |
350.70 |
|
UK |
7.44 |
|
Czech Republic |
276.95 |
|
Spain |
279.50 |
|
Hungary |
6.52 |
|
Spain |
203.79 |
|
Croatia |
257.91 |
|
Slovenia |
6.45 |
|
Croatia |
190.46 |
|
Hungary |
235.80 |
|
Portugal |
6.43 |
|
Hungary |
178.73 |
|
Romania |
165.95 |
|
Bulgaria |
6.38 |
|
Romania |
128.99 |
|
Slovak Republic |
141.55 |
|
Greece |
6.24 |
|
Slovak Republic |
114.24 |
|
Poland |
133.14 |
|
Slovak Republic |
5.61 |
|
Poland |
109.94 |
|
France |
114.73 |
|
France |
5.49 |
|
France |
90.85 |
|
Ireland |
114.63 |
|
Croatia |
5.42 |
|
Greece |
86.78 |
|
Greece |
105.31 |
|
Austria |
5.24 |
|
Ireland |
85.26 |
|
Bulgaria |
84.52 |
|
Denmark |
4.92 |
|
Denmark |
67.14 |
|
Denmark |
75.20 |
|
Spain |
3.60 |
|
Bulgaria |
66.76 |
|
Latvia |
74.71 |
|
Lithuania |
3.06 |
|
Latvia |
60.95 |
|
Lithuania |
60.14 |
|
Ireland |
2.72 |
|
Lithuania |
51.28 |
|
Sweden |
45.82 |
|
Latvia |
2.54 |
|
Sweden |
34.49 |
|
Estonia |
42.25 |
|
Estonia |
1.45 |
|
Estonia |
33.57 |
|
Finland |
19.38 |
|
Finland |
0.84 |
|
Finland |
15.56 |
Tables 14-16 refer to the number of
dead and injured, as well as the number of road accidents in relation to the
number of registered vehicles in the country. With respect to the number of
killed, Poland ranks fifth (for 2016). However, among the countries analysed in
relation to the number of injuries and accidents, Poland was significantly below
the average.
|
Tab. 14 Classification of selected EU countries in relation to the
number of road injuries per 1,000 passenger cars in 2015 |
|
Tab. 15 Classification of selected EU countries in relation to the
number of road fatalities per 1,000 passenger cars in 2015 |
|
Tab. 16 Classification of selected EU countries in relation to the
number of road accidents per 1,000 passenger cars in 2015 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Austria |
10.07 |
|
Hungary |
0.20 |
|
Austria |
8.07 |
|
Belgium |
9.23 |
|
Lithuania |
0.19 |
|
Belgium |
7.18 |
|
Germany |
8.84 |
|
Greece |
0.16 |
|
Germany |
6.87 |
|
Slovenia |
8.01 |
|
Czech Republic |
0.15 |
|
Slovenia |
6.06 |
|
Italy |
6.62 |
|
Poland |
0.14 |
|
Hungary |
5.11 |
|
Hungary |
6.53 |
|
Belgium |
0.13 |
|
UK |
4.69 |
|
UK |
6.22 |
|
Slovenia |
0.11 |
|
Italy |
4.68 |
|
Spain |
6.01 |
|
France |
0.11 |
|
Czech Republic |
4.46 |
|
Czech Republic |
5.58 |
|
Austria |
0.10 |
|
Spain |
4.37 |
|
Sweden |
4.21 |
|
Luxembourg |
0.10 |
|
Sweden |
3.15 |
|
Luxembourg |
3.62 |
|
Italy |
0.09 |
|
Luxembourg |
2.64 |
|
Lithuania |
2.86 |
|
Finland |
0.08 |
|
Lithuania |
2.42 |
|
Greece |
2.76 |
|
Netherlands |
0.08 |
|
Greece |
2.24 |
|
France |
2.23 |
|
Germany |
0.08 |
|
France |
1.78 |
|
Finland |
1.97 |
|
Denmark |
0.08 |
|
Finland |
1.59 |
|
Poland |
1.92 |
|
Spain |
0.08 |
|
Poland |
1.59 |
|
Denmark |
1.35 |
|
UK |
0.06 |
|
Denmark |
1.22 |
|
|
|
|
Sweden |
0.06 |
|
|
|
4. CONCLUSION
The actions taken by individual EU
countries during the past 16 years have brought about improved road safety. A
reduction in the number of road deaths is clear across all countries. However,
compared to initial expectations, the improvement in road safety is progressing
too slowly. That said, the Polish situation, compared to other EU countries,
has improved. Poland is no longer among the three worst countries with the
highest number of deaths during the year. However, the classification of
countries according to different factors demonstrates the need for more
intensive efforts in this regard.
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Received 05.09.2017; accepted in revised form 06.11.2017
Scientific Journal of Silesian
University of Technology. Series Transport is licensed under a Creative
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