Darja
TOPOLŠEK, Andrijana MOĆIĆ, Matjaž KNEZ, Marjan STERNAD[1]
YOUNG DRIVERS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL
AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY
Summary. We have to consider the fact that
alcohol is a legal drug. The spread of alcohol consumption reflects also in the
road traffic safety; nevertheless, alcohol is
a significant factor in traffic accidence occurrence, especially in those with
serious consequences. In the last few years traffic crashes with fatalities are
just following one another and are mostly caused by drivers who consumed
alcohol. Adolescents between ages 15 and 24 are one of the most endangered
groups of people in traffic, especially drivers and passenger between ages 15
and 24. Adolescents tend to acquire drivers licence as soon as possible in
order to enter into drivers’ world. Young drivers as participants in traffic
represent a bigger danger as they consume alcohol and drive, than older
experienced drivers with the same level of alcohol in blood. We have precisely
examined the topic on traffic accidents, young drivers and alcohol intoxication
in our country and abroad. We have also carried out
a field investigation – conducted a survey in the district Nova Vas - Celje. We
came to conclusions which we found very much disturbing as they based on the
analysis of results and processed information.
Keywords: Alcohol,
road traffic safety, adolescents, young drivers, traffic accidents
NIETRZEŹWI Młodzi kierowcy I ich wpływ
na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego
Streszczenie.
Musimy wziąć pod uwagę fakt, że
alkohol jest legalnym narkotykiem. Rozprzestrzenianie konsumpcji alkoholu
oddziałuje również na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego. Alkohol jest istotnym
czynnikiem wystąpienia wypadków, zwłaszcza tych
o poważnych konsekwencjach. W ciągu ostatnich kilku lat wypadki z ofiarami
śmiertelnymi następują jeden po drugim i są głównie spowodowane przez kierowców
spożywających alkohol. Młodzież w wieku pomiędzy 15 i 24 rokiem życia jest
jedną z najbardziej zagrożonych grup w ruchu, zwłaszcza kierowcy i pasażerowie
w wieku 15 i 24 lat. Młodzież ma tendencję do zdobywania prawa jazdy jak to
tylko możliwe, aby wejść do świata kierowców. Młodzi kierowcy, jako uczestnicy
ruchu stanowią większe zagrożenie spożywający alkohol i prowadząc, niż kierowcy
z większym doświadczeniem z taką samą zawartością alkoholu we krwi. Ten temat dokładnie
zbadaliśmy na wypadkach drogowych, młodych kierowców w naszym kraju i za
granicą. Przeprowadziliśmy również śledztwo terenowe – badanie w dzielnicy Nova
Vas – Celje. Na podstawie analizy wyników
i przetwarzanych informacji doszliśmy do konkluzji, które wydają się być bardzo
niepojące.
Słowa kluczowe: Alkohol, bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego, młodzi kierowcy, wypadki drogowe
1. INTRODUCTION
Alcohol as a drug type has made its
way through centuries and in the recent years became a permanent and
indispensable part of all major events in our society, whether happy or sad.
Parallel to this fact it is important to emphasize that we are daily witnesses
to traffic accidents, caused by drunk drivers. Alcoholism represents a special
issue in traffic safety. The fact is that road traffic every day requires more
and more attention and concentration of the driver, and alcohol is the one that
blocks this ability and requirements. Alcohol heavily affects those human
capabilities, which are the most important for operating a vehicle.
Young
people aged from 15 to 24 are one of the most vulnerable age groups in traffic.
This applies especially to young drivers and passengers aged from 18 to 24.
Talking about vulnerability of young drivers, we have to be aware that the
situation can worsen with fast economic growth, which will give young people
more opportunity to own a car. The issue, which needs far more attention, is
alcohol intoxication among young drivers. Increased vulnerability of young
drivers is being recognized in all states of the European Union.
It
is important to mention that the majority of all traffic accidents, caused by
young drivers, happen at night, when they return from parties – they already
have little driving experience, especially in night driving. Accidents usually
happen near home, since adolescents are convinced that they know the
neighbourhood and all the dangers that may occur, but under the influence of
alcohol they fail to adequately and timely respond to the situation.
Adolescents frequently overestimate their driving abilities, especially under
the influence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances.
2.
INTOXICATED YOUNG DRIVERS AND
THEIR PARTICIPATION IN ROAD TRAFFIC
The road
traffic condition is by no means acceptable. One of the reasons is that almost
the entire population is involved in it. The car purchase price and method
nowadays are no longer a problem for almost a majority of the population of the
Republic of Slovenia. The driving culture, way of candidate’s education in
various driving schools, no further education after the examination, the
availability of alcohol to almost everybody (even primary school students), the
lack of traffic areas, overcrowding of roads with sometimes dubious traffic
signalling and deficiencies of individual vehicles create preconditions for
numerous problematic situations.
According
to researchers we should consider that traffic safety (or its estimation)
depends on [1]:
·
completely autonomous factors affecting the number of
accidents, such as the weather, natural resources, price of fossil fuels, state
of the technology, size of the country and population;
·
numerous socio-economic factors that affect the safety
level, where some are considered as factors in the development of the traffic
policy, while others often are not;
·
the structure and numerosity of the traffic sector and
its elements; the majority of this information is important to acknowledge the
exposure, since it was for example ascertained that the severity of accidents
is increasing with the number of freight vehicles in the traffic flow; to
estimate the state of traffic safety we would need information on the state of
traffic roads, vehicles, public transport in number of transported passengers,
state of repair activities for vehicles, driving school system and acquisition
of driving licenses;
·
the quality of statistical data and their systematic
collection; any change in the criteria or methods of data acquisition can affect
the assessment of the traffic safety state;
·
the amount and possibilities to generalize the
available data; in Slovenia it is important to consider that we are talking
about small numbers, especially when we discuss individual groups of
participants in road traffic (e.g. children), where it is difficult to
determine the legalities and perform measures based on the frequency of a
particular event; the locations of fatal accidents are therefore not the best
criterion to determine a point of danger and carry out measures, it is
necessary to consider all accidents, including those where there has been only
material damage;
·
measures, aimed directly towards the improvement of
safety (technical measures, repressive measures, improvements on vehicles).
In all researches,
which regulated mutual relations between factors and their impact on the
occurrence of accidents, they found out that human as a participant is the most
important factor in traffic [2].
Human in
road traffic is mostly affected by the following factors: personal
characteristics of the driver or pedestrian, physical and mental
characteristics, education and culture. Today it is easier to get a driving
license, which represents a ticket for active participation in traffic. The
work of educational institutions should also be to address key questions in the
field of alcoholism among young drivers in road traffic.
Everyone
should be aware that he is not alone on the road and that he can due to the
failure to comply with traffic rules or improper behaviour on the road endanger
others, not only himself [3].
2.1. Alcohol and traffic
safety
Alcohol use in traffic, whether by drivers,
pedestrians, cyclists or motorcyclist increases the likelihood of accidents.
The risk of accidents increases with the increase of the concentration of
alcohol in the blood [4].
Unfortunately, the widespread use of alcoholic
beverages is also reflecting in road traffic safety. Alcohol is an important
factor of accidents, especially those with the worst consequences. In recent
years every third fatal traffic accident was caused by an intoxicated
participant in road traffic. Since Slovenia is an independent state, more than
2100 people died in accidents, caused by an intoxicated participant [5].
Alcohol affects all human functions, important
for a safe participation in road traffic: it decreases the perception, we make
false estimation of the distance and improperly or slowly react to traffic
situations, the perception of the colour red worsens, we are less flexible to
light changes, less careful, the reaction time increases, disturbances in
balance occur and the viewing angle narrows.
We state some of the characteristics of the
driving of drunk drivers with more than 0.5 per mille of alcohol in the blood:
stopping in the traffic lane with no reason, too short safety distance, turning
with a larger radius, driving in another and not in the indicated direction,
driving on the median line, slow response to traffic signals, switched off
lights, the signalization is not aligned with the driver’s behaviour, rapid
changes in acceleration or deceleration, too slow or too high speed, improper
stopping, aimless braking, improper turning etc.
The following figure (Figure 1) shows the level
of risk for the occurrence of traffic accidents, depending on the amount of
alcohol in the blood.
The impact of alcohol on the driver’s abilities
and behaviour [6]:
•
0.2
grams of alcohol per kilogram of blood means: the ability of observation of
moving lights is getting worse.
•
0.3
grams of alcohol per kilogram of blood means: the ability of deep observation
and correct choice of a safe distance worsens. The criticality of own behaviour
and self-control decreases. The willingness to take risks increases, possibly
also the aggressiveness.
Fig. 1. The relative risk for fatal traffic
accidents, depending on the level of alcohol in the blood
Rys. 1. Względne ryzyko
wypadków śmiertelnych, w zależności od poziomu alkoholu we krwi
•
0.5
grams of alcohol per kilogram of blood means: objects, observed by the driver,
appear more distant than they really are. The so-called red blindness appears.
It gets increasingly difficult for the driver to perceive the red light,
vehicle identification lights, brake lights and markings which signal obstacle
on the road etc. The ability to quickly direct the view from one object to
another is decreasing. Adapting to rapid light changes is getting difficult.
The attention and ability for timely reaction are considerably decreased.
Disturbances of balance appear which is especially dangerous for those, who
drive vehicles with two wheels. The driver starts to wrongly estimate the speed
of vehicles. Most people with 0.5 g/kg alcohol in blood fail to decide not to
drink anymore.
•
0.8
grams of alcohol per kilogram of blood means: the response time and with it the
stopping way increase. The reaction time is extended for 35–50%. The ability to
concentrate significantly decreases. The visual acuity is reduced up to 25%.
The narrowing of vision, the so called tunnel vision appears. The state of
euphoria appears. The driver is not any longer under the control and
overestimates his abilities. The abilities of spatial perception and evaluation
of the distance of vehicles and objects that are approaching decrease. The
driver can no longer direct his view.
•
Higher
concentrations: the number of mistakes increases and the above stated conditions
are getting worse.
2.2. Young drivers
Young drivers enter as motor vehicle drivers
into the biggest group of participants
in traffic; and a young driver is at the same time a beginner driver.
Beginner drivers are all motor vehicle drivers:
until they are twenty one years old, two years from the acquisition of the
driving licence, regardless of whether they obtained it in the Republic of
Slovenia or abroad, two years after first obtaining the driving licence to
drive
motor vehicles of categories A2 or A or B, although they already have the
licence to drive motor vehicles of any other category more than two years.
The main difference between young drivers or
beginner drivers and other drivers is the experience. The beginner driver has
only a few ten hours of driving experience in traffic, which took place under
the watchful eye of an instructor in his home town, familiar to him. An
experienced driver has already travelled many miles, many on unfamiliar roads.
This does not mean that every driver after a certain number of hours of
individual driving perfectly masters the traffic situation.
2.3. Characteristics of
traffic accidents of young drivers in correlation with intoxication
Young people aged 15 to 24 are one of the most
vulnerable age groups in traffic, this applies especially to young drivers and
passengers, aged from 18 to 24. Talking about vulnerability of young drivers,
we have to be aware that the situation can worsen with fast economic growth in
Slovenia, which will give young people more opportunity to own a car.
Researches show, that we can classify the
intoxicated responsible for car accidents into two groups. The first group
includes adolescents aged from 16 to 20 and the second group includes multiple
offenders and alcohol addicts [7].
It is important to mention that the majority of
all traffic accidents, caused by young drivers, happen at night, when they
return from parties – they already have little driving experience, especially
in night driving. Accidents usually happen near home, since adolescents are
convinced that they know the neighbourhood and all the dangers that may occur,
but under the influence of alcohol they fail to adequately and timely respond
to the situation.
Adolescents frequently overestimate their
driving abilities, especially under the influence of alcohol and other
psychoactive substances [8].
In Europe around 3% of all trips are associated
with driving under the influence of alcohol, while about 30% of all injured
drivers are under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol is one of the main factors,
which contribute to traffic accidents and is as such on the rise. The danger of
alcohol use is also being recognized by road users themselves. 85% of European
drivers think that alcohol is often or always the cause of accidents – this is
the opinion of
93% of Swedish drivers, the rate of German drivers with such an opinion is
lower, 72%. Despite such an awareness level that alcohol in connection with
driving is problematic, the issue remains.
Adolescents cause many traffic accidents under
the influence of alcohol, since they are inexperienced. They are also
inexperienced alcohol consumers – it is more likely that they in addition to
alcohol consume other illicit drugs, which give them a false sense of
invincibility and immortality, which badly ends in traffic.
Researches show that young people mostly
consume alcoholic drinks at parties, in various clubs, private parties, by
friends at home. Alarming is the fact that they also do it in the vicinity of
schools [9].
Data, shown in Figure 2, which defines the most
common causes for death of people in individual age groups, was contributed by
member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD). The members are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland,
Island, Italy, Canada, Luxemburg, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, the USA. Later they were
joined by Japan, Finland, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Czech Republic, South
Korea, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Chile. From this year Slovenia is also a
member of the OECD. The invitation to join the organization came in 2007.
We can see from the legend that the yellow
field indicates disease as cause of death, the red one traffic accidents, the
white one other accidents, the black one suicides, the blue one homicides and
the light blue one other external causes. The age group, in which we are most
interested in the figure below, is the group of people aged from 15 to 24,
since it is the subject to this research. We can see that the majority of
people in these age groups die in traffic accidents, which is alarming. The
percentage of young people, who die in traffic accidents, deviates
significantly from other age groups. This age group is also more susceptible
for other accidents, homicides and suicides.
Fig. 2. Causes
of Death in OECD Countries
Rys. 2. Przyczyny zgonów w
krajach OECD
Figure 3 shows fatalities in traffic accidents
by age groups per million people in
a particular group. The OECD member states contributed data, which was
collected and presented in the following figure. As we can see, the largest
percentage of fatalities is in the age groups 18–20 and 20–24. The member
states agree that such a high rate of mortality in traffic accidents can be
attributable to young drivers due to the lack of experience, overestimation of
abilities and the usage of alcohol and other psychoactive substances.
Fig. 3. Driver fatalities per million for different
age groups in selected OECD and ECMT countries
where solo driving begins at 18 years
Rys. 3. Ofiary śmiertelne dla różnych
grup wiekowych w wybranych krajach OECD i ECMT, gdzie
uprawnienia do samodzielnej jazdy uzyskuje się
w wieku 18 lat
Fig. 4. Intoxicated people, responsible for traffic
accidents in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009
in Slovenia
Rys. 4. Liczba osób pod wpływem
alkoholu odpowiedzialna za wypadki drogowe w latach 2007,
2008 i 2009 w Słowenii
Figure 4 shows intoxicated responsible ones for
traffic accidents in Slovenia in comparison with the number of accidents in the
past three years. The number of those is steadily decreasing, which is shown by
the clear downward trendline. The number of intoxicated responsible ones for
traffic accidents is also decreasing. But the trendline is not as sloping as
the previous one, meaning that the number of these intoxicated drivers,
responsible for traffic accidents, is not significantly changing in relation to
the decrease in the number of traffic accidents, which is alarming.
3.
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHING TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS
OF YOUNG DRIVERS AND INTOXICATION
In order
to analyze young intoxicated drivers and their impact on road safety in the
district Nova vas, we questioned young people from the stated district, aged 16
to 23. This means that we tried to include all periods of adolescence, namely
the early, middle and late adolescence.
The
research sample consisted of 185 respondents, of which 54% were male and 46%
female.
In the
research work we used non-experimental research, the work method was field research
and the research form was the questionnaire, which consisted of closed type
questions. In order to collect data we developed an anonymous questionnaire. We
asked the respondents for honesty, since the data will serve for research
purposes only. The questioned answered 21 questions, mostly related to driving
a car and drinking habits of adolescents in the given research district.
Before we
questioned the respondents we set hypotheses based on the given state, which we
then confirmed or disproved on the ground of the survey results.
Hypothesis
1: We think that young people decide to drive under the influence of alcohol
due to the short distance between the place of the party and their home.
Hypothesis
2: Most adolescents first drove a car in the driving school.
Hypothesis
3: Young drivers are against driving with the presence of a companion.
Hypothesis
4: Young people do not agree with the alcohol policy in traffic.
4.
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF THE ACTUAL
CASE RESEARCH
OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ADOLESCENTS
We chose the
district Nova vas - Celje to be the research area to analyse intoxicated young
drivers and their impact on traffic safety. Nova vas is one of the districts in
Celje, Slovenia. Regarding the previously stated theory and the knowledge on traffic
accidents and young drivers we decided to research intoxicated young drivers
and their impact on traffic safety in the district Nova vas. This district is
full of adolescents and close to many bars, where young people have fun until
dawn.
The issue we are
facing is the awareness of young drivers in the district Nova vas regarding
speeding, alcohol and traffic. The point, which is definitely worth mentioning,
is that more and more adolescents drive extremely fast and expensive cars,
owned by their parents or themselves. This is the origin of the desire for
competition and proving in front of their peers. Many times they also chose to
drive under the influence of alcohol, since they say that they are just tipsy,
meaning that they are able to handle and properly react in every traffic
situation, but often it is quite the contrary.
4.1. Analysis of
the questionnaires
In continuation
we present the analysis of data, gained with the help of the survey, carried
out among adolescents in the district Nova vas.
The survey,
carried out among adolescents in the district Nova vas - Celje, involved 17%
adolescents aged 16–17, 31% adolescents aged 18–19, 22% adolescents aged 20–21
and
30% late adolescents.
The research
sample consisted of 185 adolescents, of which 86 (46%) were female and 99 (54%)
male.
Most questioned
adolescents already have a driving licence (82%).
Regarding their
first driving experience most adolescents (27%) answered that they first tried
to drive secretly, 24% adolescents answered that they first drove with a friend
(Figure 5).
When asked about
their opinion on the Act, allowing driving a car with 17 with
a mandatory presence of a companion (Figure 6), 40% of them answered that this
is an ideal opportunity, since the young driver this way gets experience with
the help of the companion. The lowest number of respondents (25%) thinks that
the Act is not suitable, since the young driver despite the presence of the
companion cannot properly react in exceptional situations.
Fig. 5. First car ride
Rys. 5. Pierwsza jazda samochodem
Fig. 6. Opinions
on driving a car with 17 with a mandatory presence of a companion
Rys.
6. Opinie na temat prowadzenia samochodu przez 17-latków z obowiązkową
obecnością osoby
towarzyszącej
In the
questionnaire there was also a question whether they have ever caused a car
accident. 46% adolescents answered that they never caused one. 39% caused an
accident once, 8% caused it twice and 7% three times.
Those who caused
an accident (Figure 7) stated alcohol as the reason.
Fig. 7. Traffic
accident cause
Rys. 7. Przyczyny wypadków drogowych
The
questionnaire also included a question on knowing rules and traffic
regulations, where the respondents had to mark on a scale from 1 to 10 how
familiar they are with traffic rules and regulations. It is interesting that no
one of the questioned did assess their knowledge on traffic rules and
regulation with a grade less than 6. 3% said that the knowledge of this rules
could be assessed with a 6, 39% percent assessed it with an 8, followed by the
9 with 26%, the 7 with 24% and the 10 with 8%.
Regarding the
question how young people are familiar with the alcohol policy in traffic
(Figure 8) most of them answered (32%) that they are well informed (8) and very
well informed (9) with 30%.
Fig. 8. Familiarity
with the alcohol policy in traffic
Rys.
8. Znajomość zasad związanych z alkoholem w ruchu drogowym
Regarding the
question on agreeing with the alcohol limit for beginner drivers (Figure 9) 86%
of adolescents answered that they do not agree with the alcohol limit (0,0 g kg
blood), which applies to beginner drivers.
Fig. 9.
Agreeing with the alcohol limit (0,0 g per kg blood) for beginner drivers
Rys.
9. Zgoda na limit alkoholu (0,0 g na kg) dla początkujących kierowców
Figure 10 shows
that 52% of adolescents think that the alcohol limit for experienced drivers
should be increased to 0,80 g/kg. 38% agree with the current alcohol policy
(0,50 g/kg).
Fig. 10.
Opinions on limiting alcohol in blood for experienced drivers
Rys.
10. Opinie na tamat ograniczeń alkoholu we krwi dla doświadczonych kierowców
Regarding the
question what should adolescents do in the case of drunkenness at a party, to
which they came with their own vehicle (Figure 11), 46% answered that they
still sit behind the wheel and head home, because they live nearby. 26% call a
taxi in order to go home.
Fig. 11.
Acting in the case of drunkenness while getting to the party with own vehicle
Rys.
11. Działania w przypadku nadużycia alkoholu
4.2. Evaluation
of the set hypotheses
Before the
research we set certain hypotheses, which we confirmed or disproved on the
ground of gained data through field research with the help of a questionnaire.
Hypothesis 1
said: We think that young people decide to drive under the influence of alcohol
due to the short distance between the place of the party and their home. The
analysis showed that adolescents decide to drive under the influence of alcohol
particularly because of the short distance between the place of the party and
their home. This is shown in Figure 9. Based on the data analysis we can
confirm this hypothesis.
Hypothesis 2
said: Most adolescents first drove a car at the driving school. One of the
questions in the questionnaire asked regarding the first driving experience.
Only 14% answered that they drove a car for the first time in a driving school.
Most adolescents set first behind the wheel secretly or with friends. Based on
the results above and Figure 5 we have to refute this hypothesis.
Hypothesis 3
said: Young drivers are against driving with the presence of a companion.
Figure 6 shows that 40% of adolescents say that this is an ideal opportunity,
since the young driver is gaining experience with the help of a companion. 35%
think that driving with 17 could be allowed also without a companion. 25% think
that such an act is not suitable, since the young driver despite the presence
of a companion cannot properly react in certain situations. Based on such
results we can refute our third hypothesis.
Hypothesis 4
said: Young people do not agree with the alcohol policy in traffic. Figure 9
shows that most adolescents (86%) are against the alcohol limit (0,0 g per kg
blood), applying to beginner drivers. 52% of adolescents think that the limit
of alcohol in blood for experienced drivers should be increased to 0,80 g/kg.
Based on the given results we assess that the last hypothesis can be affirmed.
5. CONCLUSION
Traffic
accidents with numerous fatalities and injuries are regarding their abundance
a serious problem, faced by our society. High number of traffic accidents is
recorded at home as well as in other European states. Alcohol is unfortunately
that element, which has
a significantly negative impact on those skills, which are vital for driving.
The
difference between a sober driver and a driver under the influence of alcohol
is that the sober driver also makes mistakes, but they are unique, the driver
detects and corrects them immediately. The intoxicated driver does not perceive
the mistakes, they accumulate, because they are not corrected and continue for
the duration of the driving under the influence of alcohol.
Young
drivers are only beginners in driving, which does not mean that they have no
abilities or that they have to give way to others. The problem is that every
new situation demands certain behaviour. The fact is that they are precisely
because of their lack of experience more prone to accidents. If we add driving
under the influence of alcohol to inexperience, overestimating the driving
abilities and inappropriate acting in traffic a traffic accident is almost a
certain event.
In
Slovenia and abroad we are facing these issues. Based on the research we came
to the conclusion that traffic accidents involving adolescents have common key
points. Car accidents involving young drivers usually demand more dead and
injured of the same age group. The lifestyle of this age group differs from
others. Young people go together to parties, where alcohol is too often
present. If we add to this fact the lack of experience, speeding, sometimes
obsolete vehicles, sometimes new, fast cars, such situation is understandable,
but no more acceptable.
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